Effect of Waste Clay Bricks on the Performance of Cemented Tailings Backfill and Its Damage Constitutive Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Preparation of Specimens
2.3. Test Method
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Slump Value
3.2. Bleeding Rate
3.3. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS)
3.4. Failure Strain
3.5. Microscopic Analysis
4. Establishment of Damage Constitutive Model
5. Verification and Analysis of the Model
6. Conclusions
- CTB containing brick powder increases in bleeding rate and decreases in slump value as the content of replacement cement increases. The CTB containing brick aggregate decreases in bleeding rate and slump value as the content of replacement tailings increases. Considering that the slump far meets the requirements of backfill standards and the high bleeding rate, both CTB materials can be added with an appropriate amount of thickener or increased concentration.
- The CTB with brick powder is lower in strength than the original CTB in the early stages and changes in strength in the later stages. The UCS of CTB with a 10% brick powder content is highest at 7 and 28 d of curing age, and at 28 d of curing age, the UCS of CTB with a 20% brick powder content can be essentially the same as the original CTB. CTB up to 20% brick aggregate content is favourable for UCS at all ages, with the highest strength of the CTB at 20% brick aggregate content at curing age 3 d and the highest strength of the CTB at 15% brick aggregate content at curing ages 7 d and 28 d. If for better cost-effectiveness, it is recommended to use brick powder with a content of less than 20% to replace cement. In addition, it is recommended to use 15% brick aggregate instead of tailings for higher strength.
- CTB-containing brick powder causes a decrease in peak strain in unconfined compression due to its dense nature, the hydration products generated by the pozzolanic reaction and the AFt content, which is particularly noticeable at the curing age of 28 d. In contrast, at 7 d of curing age, CTB with brick aggregate causes a significant drop in peak strain due to an imbalance in the reaction around the brick aggregate particles and the tailings particles. The lower the failure strain, the more stable the backfill material is under low stress. However, considering the brittle behavior of CTB containing brick powder in the later curing stage, fiber materials can be added to the CTB material production process to cope with the underground environment under high strain. In addition, CTB containing brick aggregates should reduce the use of limit states within the curing period of 28 days.
- The effect of coarse aggregate Weibull strength distribution function is used to establish a damage constitutive model. The ordinary damage constitutive model fits the peak stress of the specimen relatively well but does not consider the problem that the specimen still has a bearing capacity after failure. At the same time, it is found that none of the fitting results can effectively fit the initial compaction stage and linear elastic stage of the specimen. The concept of threshold point is introduced, and the three parts of the compaction stage, the linear elastic stage and the stage after the linear elastic stage are fitted respectively by the piecewise method. This method solves the problem of poor fitting between the initial compaction stage and the linear elastic stage. It improves the fitting degree of damage constitutive model with a correction factor to the post-peak bearing capacity.
- In conclusion, the three-stage damage constitutive model has a good effect on the characterization of damage of CTP and CTA. This provides an essential reference for predicting the stress and strain of filling materials with longer compression and linear elastic stages or filling materials containing iron ore tailings. It also helps to evaluate their performance changes under long-term loads and complex environmental conditions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Tailings | WCB | Cement |
---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 27.59 | 64.09 | 21.40 |
Al2O3 | 10.50 | 19.57 | 4.31 |
Fe2O3 | 24.53 | 6.96 | 4.91 |
CaO | 17.99 | 1.87 | 62.34 |
MgO | 13.93 | 1.35 | 3.00 |
SO3 | 1.37 | 0.15 | 2.20 |
Na2O | 1.32 | 1.56 | - |
K2O | 0.82 | 3.11 | - |
TiO2 | 0.63 | 0.94 | - |
MnO | 0.30 | 0.12 | - |
P2O5 | 0.19 | 0.12 | - |
Number of Specimens | Binders | Aggregate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cement (%) | Brick Powder (%) | Tallings (%) | Brick Aggregate (%) | |
CTP0(CTA0) | 100 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
CTP10 | 90 | 10 | 100 | 0 |
CTP20 | 80 | 20 | 100 | 0 |
CTP30 | 70 | 30 | 100 | 0 |
CTP40 | 60 | 40 | 100 | 0 |
CTA5 | 100 | 0 | 95 | 5 |
CTA10 | 100 | 0 | 90 | 10 |
CTA15 | 100 | 0 | 85 | 15 |
CTA20 | 100 | 0 | 80 | 20 |
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Sun, T.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, K.; Yu, Z.; Wang, Y. Effect of Waste Clay Bricks on the Performance of Cemented Tailings Backfill and Its Damage Constitutive Model. Minerals 2023, 13, 987. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13070987
Sun T, Zhang Y, Wang K, Yu Z, Wang Y. Effect of Waste Clay Bricks on the Performance of Cemented Tailings Backfill and Its Damage Constitutive Model. Minerals. 2023; 13(7):987. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13070987
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Tianxiang, Yifan Zhang, Kang Wang, Zhuoqun Yu, and Yongyan Wang. 2023. "Effect of Waste Clay Bricks on the Performance of Cemented Tailings Backfill and Its Damage Constitutive Model" Minerals 13, no. 7: 987. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13070987