National Mineral Waste Databases as an Information Source for Assessing Material Recovery Potential from Mine Waste, Tailings and Metallurgical Waste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Defining Key Mine Waste Valorisation Data Parameters
2.2. Review and Assessment of National Mine Waste Inventories
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Abbreviations | Name | Reference | Total No. of Sites | No, of Sites with Detailed Assessment | Measured Substances |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
France | GEODERIS | GEODERIS | [31,32,33] | 3144 | 200 | Pb, Zn, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Cu, V, Mo, Co, Ni, Se, Sb, Tl |
Spain | IGME | Instituto Geológico y Minero de España | [34] | 370 | 370 | Pb, Zn, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Cu, V, Mo, Co, Ni, Se |
Italy | ISPRA | Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale | [35] | 650 | 220 | Asbestos, Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Ni, Tl, Zn, Sb, Sn, Be, V, CN, Fluoride, Aromatic compounds, TPH C > 12 |
* UK | BGS | British Geological Survey | [36,37,38,39,40] | 404 | 0 | Harmful substances are measured in downstream water and not in waste material |
EA | Environment Agency (England and Wales) | |||||
Scottish Government | ||||||
NIDoE | Northern Ireland Department of Environment | |||||
Hungary | MBFSZ | Magyar Bányászati és Földtani Szolgálat | [41] | 1046 | 71 | Ag, Au, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Th, Tl, U, Zn |
Slovenia | ARSO | Agencija Republike Slovenije za okolje | [42,43,44] | 173 | 78 | As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn |
Portugal | DGEG, EDM | Direcção Geral de Energia e Geologia | No references | 199 | 39 | Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr total, Cr6+, Hg, Co, Mo, As |
Parameter ID | Short Description | Sub Division | |
---|---|---|---|
Basic Valorisation Parameters | B1 | Location, history, mining and processing technology of the site | |
B2 | Volume, area and structure of the existing waste deposits | ||
B3 | Reason for which the mine was abandoned | ||
B4 | Homogeneity of the tailings | ||
B5 | Methodology of data collection | ||
B6.1 | Environmental impacts of mine waste deposit | Actual physical | |
B6.2 | Potential physical | ||
B6.3 | Actual chemical | ||
B6.4 | Potential chemical | ||
B6.5 | Need for remediation | ||
B6.6 | Remediation costs | ||
B7.1 | Site extractability | Possibility for safe extraction and waste relocation | |
B7.2 | Revegetation status | ||
B8.1 | Site accessibility | Ownership | |
B8.2 | Special permits required | ||
B8.3 | Land use restrictions | ||
B8.4 | Other legislative barriers | ||
B9.1 | Data availability | Data managing authority | |
B9.2 | Language(s) | ||
Metal-Centric Valorisation Parameters | M10.1 | Chemical and mineralogical composition | Matrix |
M10.2 | Commodity elements | ||
M10.3 | Trace elements | ||
M11.1 | Physico-chemical properties | Grain size distribution | |
M11.2 | Moisture content | ||
M11.3 | Redox state at different pH | ||
Material-Centric Valorisation Parameters | C10.1 | Chemical and mineralogical composition | Type and content of alkali ions |
C10.2 | Type and content of alkaline earth ions | ||
C10.3 | Type and content of silicon | ||
C10.4 | Type and content of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) | ||
C10.5 | Type and content of organic substance | ||
C11.1 | Physico-chemical properties | Moisture | |
C11.2 | Grain size distribution | ||
C12.1 | Potential final products specifications | Mechanical properties | |
C12.2 | Thermal properties |
Pa. | France | Spain | Italy | UK | Hungary | Slovenia | Portugal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | AV only for some sites | AV as short description | AV for most of the sites, detailed for some | AV (1) | AV only in mine closure reports | AV as short description of history of mining site | AV as short description of history of mining site |
B2 | AV, data quality depends on potential risk | AV | AV if provided by Regional Geological Survey | NA in inventory, but in various publications | Estimation, AV in technical operation plans or individual survey reports | Estimation | AV |
B3 | NAS | AV for larger mines | NA | NA | NA | AV for high risk sites | AV in selected sites |
B4 | AV for high risk sites with ongoing remediation | NA | NA | NA in inventory, but in various publications | NA | NA | Visual estimation |
B5 | AV for high-risk sites (2) | AV (3) | AV for deposits investigated with ARAGNA method (Sardinia) | AV as part of the methodology report | NA | AV | AV for remediated sites |
B6.1 | AV for potential high-risk sites | AV | AV | AV, based on risk assessment (4) | AV | AV for high risk sites | AV for active mines and remediated sites |
B6.2 | AV for high risk sites with ongoing remediation | AV | AV | AV, based on risk assessment (4) | AV | AV for high risk sites | AV for active mines and remediated sites |
B6.3 | AV for potential high-risk sites | AV | AV | AV, based on risk assessment (4) | AV | AV for high risk sites | AV for active mines and remediated sites |
B6.4 | AV for high risk sites with ongoing remediation | AV | AV | AV, based on risk assessment (4) | AV | AV for high risk sites | AV for active mines and remediated sites |
B6.5 | AV for potential high-risk sites | AV | AV | AV, based on risk assessment (4) | AV | AV for highly risk sites | AV for risk sites |
B6.6 | AV for high risk sites with ongoing remediation | NAS | AV for specific sites within the remediation projects | Based on risk assessment (4) | NAS | NAS | AV, but possibly confidential |
B7.1 | AV for high risk sites with ongoing remediation | NAS | NAS | NA | AV for selected deposits | NAS | NAS |
B7.2 | NA | AV | AV | NA | AV | AV for risk sites | AV for risk sites |
B8.1 | AV for sites with no responsible owner | NAS | Data in the environmental protection and land use plans | NA, but held in BRITPITS and/or the Land Registry | AV for operating mines | Information is AV in land register | AV |
B8.2 | According to Mining legislation | NAS | Depending on land use restrictions and site hazard characterisation, involving local and national authorities | Mineral extraction is subject to planning – likely to be complicated as may fall under environmental regulation | According to Mining legislation | Depending on land use restrictions and site hazard characterisation, involving local and national authorities | Mine waste are not classified as waste in the Portuguese environmental law |
B8.3 | According to Mining legislation | NAS | Depending on land use restrictions and site hazard characterisation, involving local and national authorities | There may be land use restrictions which could include cultural or ecological designations associated with past mining | According to Mining legislation | Determined in national and municipality spatial plans | Determined in national and municipality spatial plans |
B8.4 | If reprocessing includes activities outside the scope of mining regulations | NAS | Depending on land use restrictions and site hazard characterisation, involving local and national authorities | Waste management and pollution control regulations as well as those protecting the natural environment and cultural assets | If reprocessing includes activities outside the scope of mining regulations | Depending on land use restrictions and site hazard characterisation, involving local and national authorities | If reprocessing includes activities outside the scope of mining regulations |
B9.1 | Data in Table 1 | ||||||
B9.2 | National | National | National | National | National and English | National | National |
Pa. | France | Spain | Italy | UK | Hungary | Slovenia | Portugal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M10.1 | AV for high risk sites with ongoing remediation | AV, not public | AV for investigated sites | NA, but AV for a limited number of mines in other documents | AV | AV | AV for active sites and selected remediated sites |
M10.2 | AV | AV, not public | AV for investigated sites | NA, as above | NA, only for specific sites in other reports | AV for high risk sites | AV for active and selected remediated sites |
M10.3 | AV for high risk sites with ongoing remediation | AV, not public | AV for investigated sites | NA, as above | AV for red mud tailings and for other sites containing PTEs | AV for high risk sites | AV for active and selected remediated sites |
M11.1 | AV for high risk sites with ongoing remediation | AV, not public | AV for investigated sites | NA, as above | AV | Visual estimation for some sites | AV for active and selected remediated sites |
M11.2 | AV for high risk sites with ongoing remediation | NAS | AV for investigated sites | NA, as above | NAS | NAS | AV for active sites |
M11.3 | AV for high risk sites with ongoing remediation | pH and electrical conductivity only, not public | AV for investigated sites | NA, as above | NAS | NAS | AV for active sites |
Pa. | France | Spain | Italy | UK | Hungary | Slovenia | Portugal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C10.1 | NAS | NAS | AV as potential residues | NA, but AV for a limited number of mines in other documents | NAS | NAS | NAS |
C10.2 | NAS | NAS | AV as potential residues | NA, as above | NAS | NAS | NAS |
C10.3 | NAS | NAS | AV as potential residues | NA, as above | NAS | NAS | NAS |
C10.4 | NAS | AV, not public | AV as potential residues | NA, as above | AV for larger waste sites | AV for high risk sites | NAS |
C10.5 | NAS | NAS | AV as potential residues | NA, as above | NAS | Visual estimation for some sites | NAS |
C11.1 | AV for high risk sites with ongoing remediation | NAS | AV for investigated sites | NA, as above | NAS | NAS | NAS |
C11.2 | AV for high risk sites with ongoing remediation | AV, not public | AV for investigated sites | NA, as above | NAS | Visual estimation for some sites | NAS |
C12.1 | NAS | NAS | AV for investigated sites | NA, as above | NAS | NAS | NAS |
C12.2 | NAS | NAS | AV for investigated sites | NA, as above | NAS | NAS | NAS |
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Žibret, G.; Lemiere, B.; Mendez, A.-M.; Cormio, C.; Sinnett, D.; Cleall, P.; Szabó, K.; Carvalho, M.T. National Mineral Waste Databases as an Information Source for Assessing Material Recovery Potential from Mine Waste, Tailings and Metallurgical Waste. Minerals 2020, 10, 446. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10050446
Žibret G, Lemiere B, Mendez A-M, Cormio C, Sinnett D, Cleall P, Szabó K, Carvalho MT. National Mineral Waste Databases as an Information Source for Assessing Material Recovery Potential from Mine Waste, Tailings and Metallurgical Waste. Minerals. 2020; 10(5):446. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10050446
Chicago/Turabian StyleŽibret, Gorazd, Bruno Lemiere, Ana-Maria Mendez, Carlo Cormio, Danielle Sinnett, Peter Cleall, Katalin Szabó, and M. Teresa Carvalho. 2020. "National Mineral Waste Databases as an Information Source for Assessing Material Recovery Potential from Mine Waste, Tailings and Metallurgical Waste" Minerals 10, no. 5: 446. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10050446