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Volume 14
Issue 5
10.3390/land14050987
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Article

The EU Nature Restoration Law (NRL) and the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP): State of the Art and Future Challenges for Italian Water Resources

by
Antonio Manzoni
1,2,*,
Manal Hamam
1,
Giulia Pastorelli
1,
Luigi Servadei
1,
Silvia Chiappini
1,
Alessandra Pesce
1,
Serena Tarangioli
1 and
Raffaella Pergamo
1
1
CREA PB—Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Agricultural Policies and Bioeconomy, 00187 Rome, Italy
2
Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, 56127 Pisa, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Land 2025, 14(5), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050987 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 24 March 2025 / Revised: 23 April 2025 / Accepted: 28 April 2025 / Published: 2 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Land, Soil and Water)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Among its various targets on restoring natural habitats and ecosystems in the EU, the recently adopted Nature Restoration Law (NRL) introduces ambitious targets for restoring surface water bodies (SWBs) as well. Simultaneously, the Italian CAP Strategic Plan for the implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy 2023–2027 has been designed to enhance sustainable agricultural practices, including water resource management. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the synergies, gaps, and challenges between these two regulatory frameworks, focusing on sustainable water use in Italian agriculture. A two-level comparative matrix methodology is employed to evaluate the alignment between the NRL’s objectives for freshwater ecosystems and the measures taken by the Italian CAP Strategic Plan on water resources. The results highlight key areas of convergence, existing shortcomings, and necessary steps for aligning Italian agricultural policies with the EU’s water restoration goals. The findings offer insights for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders engaged in water governance, biodiversity conservation, and agricultural sustainability.
Keywords: nature restoration law; common agricultural policy; biodiversity; freshwater resources; sustainable water management nature restoration law; common agricultural policy; biodiversity; freshwater resources; sustainable water management

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MDPI and ACS Style

Manzoni, A.; Hamam, M.; Pastorelli, G.; Servadei, L.; Chiappini, S.; Pesce, A.; Tarangioli, S.; Pergamo, R. The EU Nature Restoration Law (NRL) and the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP): State of the Art and Future Challenges for Italian Water Resources. Land 2025, 14, 987. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050987

AMA Style

Manzoni A, Hamam M, Pastorelli G, Servadei L, Chiappini S, Pesce A, Tarangioli S, Pergamo R. The EU Nature Restoration Law (NRL) and the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP): State of the Art and Future Challenges for Italian Water Resources. Land. 2025; 14(5):987. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050987

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manzoni, Antonio, Manal Hamam, Giulia Pastorelli, Luigi Servadei, Silvia Chiappini, Alessandra Pesce, Serena Tarangioli, and Raffaella Pergamo. 2025. "The EU Nature Restoration Law (NRL) and the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP): State of the Art and Future Challenges for Italian Water Resources" Land 14, no. 5: 987. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050987

APA Style

Manzoni, A., Hamam, M., Pastorelli, G., Servadei, L., Chiappini, S., Pesce, A., Tarangioli, S., & Pergamo, R. (2025). The EU Nature Restoration Law (NRL) and the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP): State of the Art and Future Challenges for Italian Water Resources. Land, 14(5), 987. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050987

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