Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution and the Ecological Risk in an Agricultural Area from Sánchez Ramírez Province, Dominican Republic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Soil Sample Collection
2.3. Sample Preparation
2.4. Soil Physicochemical Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis and Spatial Distribution
2.6. Soil Pollution Indices
2.6.1. Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo)
2.6.2. Enrichment Factor (EF)
2.6.3. Single Pollution Index (PI)
2.7. Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physicochemical Properties
3.2. Heavy Metal Concentration in Soils
3.3. Pearson’s Correlation of Soil Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Properties
3.4. Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals
3.5. Soil Pollution Indices
3.5.1. Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo)
3.5.2. Enrichment Factor (EF)
3.5.3. Single Pollution Index (PI)
3.6. Potential Ecological Risk (RI)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Parameter | Min | Max | Mean ± STD | CV (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH (1:2) | 5.08 | 6.96 | 5.8 ± 0.4 | 7 |
EC (mS cm−1) | 0.06 | 0.60 | 0.16 ± 0.09 | 43 |
OM (%) | 1.6 | 6.5 | 4.4 ± 1.2 | 27 |
CEC (meq 100 g−1) | 11 | 30 | 15 ± 3 | 21 |
Silt (%) | 22 | 51 | 32 ± 6 | 18 |
Sand (%) | 13 | 55 | 23 ± 7 | 32 |
Clay (%) | 16 | 54 | 45 ± 9 | 20 |
Heavy Metal | Fe | Mn | Cr | Cu | Ni | Zn | Pb | As |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | 48,521 | 170 | 285 | 2 | <0.1 | 23 | 24 | 3 |
Max | 100,708 | 7340 | 709 | 73 | 179 | 578 | 72 | 6 |
Mean ± STD * | 73735 ± 13109 | 1616 ± 1691 | 426 ± 130 | 34 ± 19 | 20 ± 39 | 200 ± 167 | 43 ± 12 | 4.8 ± 0.7 |
CV (%) | 18 | 105 | 30 | 55 | 198 | 83 | 27 | 14 |
Local Background ± STD * | 56,916 ± 16,481 | 1387 ± 1549 | 417 ± 117 | 27 ± 20 | 9.5 ± 2.1 | 215 ± 109 | 38 ± 15 | 4.0 ± 1.4 |
WAS a | 47200 | 850 | 90 | 45 | 68 | 95 | 20 | 13 |
FAO b | - | <0.01 | 70 | 30 | 50 | 90 | 35 | - |
Fe | Mn | Cr | Cu | Ni | Zn | Pb | As | pH | OM | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | 1 | |||||||||
Mn | 0.27 | 1 | ||||||||
Cr | −0.24 | 0.43 | 1 | |||||||
Cu | −0.22 | −0.21 | −0.24 | 1 | ||||||
Ni | −0.24 | 0.47 | 0.53 * | 0.13 | 1 | |||||
Zn | −0.10 | 0.41 | 0.61 * | 0.10 | 0.59 * | 1 | ||||
Pb | 0.47 | −0.08 | −0.13 | −0.38 | −0.22 | −0.18 | 1 | |||
As | −0.24 | 0.14 | 0.24 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.51 * | −0.56 * | 1 | ||
pH | −0.18 | 0.07 | 0.31 | −0.04 | 0.27 | 0.25 | −0.03 | −0.09 | 1 | |
OM | 0.07 | 0.07 | −0.11 | −0.16 | −0.11 | 0.04 | −0.21 | 0.04 | −0.50 * | 1 |
Heavy Metal | FE (Soils/LB) | Enrichment | FE (Soils/WAS) | Enrichment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mn | 0.89 | No enrichment | 1.20 | Minimal |
Cr | 0.82 | No enrichment | 3.17 | Moderate |
Cu | 1.02 | Minimal | 0.51 | No enrichment |
Ni | 1.81 | Minimal | 0.21 | No enrichment |
Zn | 0.75 | No enrichment | 1.41 | Minimal |
Pb | 0.87 | No enrichment | 1.38 | Minimal |
As | 0.97 | No enrichment | 0.25 | No enrichment |
Heavy Metal | PI (Soils/LB) | Pollution Status | PI (Soils/WAS) | Pollution Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mn | 0.94 | Low | 1.9 | Moderate |
Cr | 0.95 | Low | 4.73 | Strong |
Cu | 0.95 | Low | 0.75 | Low |
Ni | 0.72 | Low | 0.29 | Low |
Zn | 0.94 | Low | 2.11 | Moderate |
Pb | 0.97 | Low | 2.14 | Moderate |
As | 0.96 | Low | 0.37 | Low |
Heavy Metal | Ei (Soils/LB) | Risk Degree | Ei (Soils/WAS) | Risk Degree |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mn | 2.33 | Low | 1.90 | Low |
Cr | 2.04 | Low | 4.73 | Low |
Cu | 1.25 | Low | 0.75 | Low |
Ni | 2.07 | Low | 0.29 | Low |
Zn | 4.65 | Low | 2.11 | Low |
Pb | 5.59 | Low | 2.14 | Low |
As | 12.08 | Low | 0.37 | Low |
RI | 30.02 | Low | 12.29 | Low |
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Alberto Then, N.M.; Delanoy, R.; Nuñez-Ramos, P.A.; Díaz Rizo, O.; Bello, L. Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution and the Ecological Risk in an Agricultural Area from Sánchez Ramírez Province, Dominican Republic. Land 2024, 13, 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050684
Alberto Then NM, Delanoy R, Nuñez-Ramos PA, Díaz Rizo O, Bello L. Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution and the Ecological Risk in an Agricultural Area from Sánchez Ramírez Province, Dominican Republic. Land. 2024; 13(5):684. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050684
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlberto Then, Natividad Miledy, Ramón Delanoy, Pedro Antonio Nuñez-Ramos, Oscar Díaz Rizo, and Lizaira Bello. 2024. "Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution and the Ecological Risk in an Agricultural Area from Sánchez Ramírez Province, Dominican Republic" Land 13, no. 5: 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050684
APA StyleAlberto Then, N. M., Delanoy, R., Nuñez-Ramos, P. A., Díaz Rizo, O., & Bello, L. (2024). Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution and the Ecological Risk in an Agricultural Area from Sánchez Ramírez Province, Dominican Republic. Land, 13(5), 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050684