Characterization and Classification of Soils in Agroecosystems in a Moist Enclave in Northeastern Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Soil Analyzes
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Soil Classification
3.2. Morphological Characterization
3.3. Physical Characterization
3.4. Chemical Characterization
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hor./Depth (cm) | Alt. (m) | Color Munsell | Parent Material | Structure | Consistency | Trans. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry | Moist | Dry | Moist | Wet | |||||
Profile 1—NEOSSOLO FLÚVICO Ta Eutrófico típico (Fluvisols) | |||||||||
Ap (0–15) | 595 | 2.5 Y 6/4 | 2.5 Y 4/4 | Arenite Paleogene | 2 P/M Bls | MD | MFi | NPl/NPe | ap |
2C1 (15–34) | 2.5 Y 5/4 | 2.5 Y 4/4 | 1 P/M Bls | D | F | LgPl/LgPe | go | ||
2C2(34–55) | 2.5 Y 5/4 | 2.5 Y 4/4 | 1 M/G Bls | D | F | LgPl/LgPe | do | ||
3C3 (55–65) | 2.5 Y 5/4 | 2.5 Y 4/4 | 3 M/G Bls | D | MFi | NPl/NPe | go | ||
3C4 (65–85) | 2.5 Y 5/4 | 2.5 Y 4/4 | 4 M Bls | D | MF | NPl/NPe | go | ||
Profile 2—CAMBISSOLO HÁPLICO Ta Eutrófico típico (Cambisols) | |||||||||
A (0–10) | 604 | 5 YR 4/3 | 5 YR 3/3 | Arenite Paleogene | 3 P Bls | D | F | NPl/NPe | co |
AB (10–21) | 5 YR 4/3 | 5 YR 3/3 | 3 P Bls | D | F | NPl/NPe | co | ||
BA (21–40) | 5 YR 4/2 | 5 YR 3/2 | 3/4 P Bls | D | F | NPl/LgPe | ao | ||
B (40–60) | 5 YR 4/2 | 5 YR 3/2 | 4 P Bla | MD | Fi | NPl/LgPe | ao | ||
Profile 3—NEOSSOLO FLÚVICO Ta Eutrófico típico (Fluvisols) | |||||||||
A1 (0–10) | 599 | 2.5 Y 5/3 | 2.5 Y 4/3 | Arenite Paleogene | 3 MP Bls | D | F | NPl/LgPe | co |
A2 (10–20) | 2.5 Y 5/3 | 2.5 Y 4/3 | 3 MP Bls | D | F | NPl/LgPe | dp | ||
AC (20–50) | 2.5 Y 4/3 | 2.5 Y 3/3 | 3 MP Bls | D | F | LgPl/LgPe | go | ||
C (50–98) | |||||||||
Profile 4—LUVISSOLO CRÔMICO Órtico típico (Luvisols) | |||||||||
A (0–10) | 601 | 5 Y 5/3 | 5 Y 4/3 | Arenite Paleogene | 3 P Bls | D | F | NPl/NPe | co |
AB (10–20 | 5 Y 4/3 | 5 Y 3/3 | 3 P Bls | D | F | NPl/LgPe | go | ||
BA (20–33) | 5 Y 4/3 | 5 Y 3/3 | 3 MP/P Bls | MD | F | NPl/LgPe | dp | ||
Bt (33–57) | 7.5 YR 5/4 | 7.5 YR 4/4 | 3 MP/P Bls | MD | F | LgPl/Lg | dp | ||
BC (57–65) | 7.5 YR 5/4 | 7.5 YR 4/4 | 3 P Bls | MD | F | NPl/LgPe | co | ||
Profile 5—PLANOSSOLO HÁPLICO Eutrófico típico (Planosols) | |||||||||
A1 (0–10) | 607 | 10 YR 4/4 | 10 YR 3/4 | Arenite Paleogene | 2 P Gr | LgD | MF | NPl/LgPe | cp |
A2 (10–32) | 10 YR 4/4 | 10 YR 3/4 | 2 MP Gr | D | F | NPl/NPe | cp | ||
A3 (32–44) | 10 YR 4/6 | 10 YR 3/6 | 2 MP/P Bls | D | F | NPl/LgPe | dp | ||
BA (44–64) | 10 YR 4/3 | 10 YR 3/3 | 2/3 MP/P Bla/Bls | D | F | LgPl/LgPe | ao | ||
Bt (64–100) | 10 YR 4/3 | 10 YR 3/3 | 4 P/M Bla/Bls | D | F | LgPl/LgPe | ao | ||
Profile 6—NEOSSOLO LITÓLICO Chernossólico típico (Leptsols) | |||||||||
A1 (0–28) | 605 | 2.5 Y 4/2 | 2.5 Y 3/2 | Arenite Paleogene | 3 MP Bls | MD | F | LgPl/LgPe | co |
A2 (28–44) | 2.5 Y 4/2 | 2.5 Y 3/2 | 3 MP Bls | D | F | LgPl/LgPe | go | ||
CR (44–90) | |||||||||
Profile 7—ARGISSOLO VERMELHO-AMARELO Eutrófico típico (Acrisols) | |||||||||
A (0–10) | 606 | 10 YR 4/6 | 10 YR 3/6 | Arenite Paleogene | 2 P Bls | MD | F | NPl/NPe | co |
BA (10–20) | 10 YR 4/6 | 10 YR 3/6 | 3 MP/P Bls | MD | F | NPl/NPe | co | ||
Bt (20–50) | 5 YR 5/6 | 5 YR 4/6 | 4 MP Bla | D | F | LgPl/LgPe | dp | ||
BC (50–75) | 5 YR 5/6 | 5 YR 4/6 | 4 MP/P Bla | D | F | LgPl/LgPe | dp | ||
Profile 8—PLANOSSOLO HÁPLICO Eutrófico típico (Planosols) | |||||||||
A (0–6) | 602 | 2.5 Y 4/3 | 2.5 Y 3/3 | Arenite Paleogene | 2 P Bls/Gr | D | F | LgPl/LgPe | co |
BA (6–23) | 2.5 Y 4/3 | 2.5 Y 3/3 | 2 P Bls | D | F | LgPl/LgPe | ao | ||
Bt (23–43) | 2.5 Y 5/4 | 2.5 Y 4/4 | 4 P Bla | D | F | LgPl/Pe | go | ||
CR (43–60) | |||||||||
Profile 9—NEOSSOLO LITÓLICO Eutrófico típico (Leptsols) | |||||||||
A (0–20) | 614 | 2.5 Y 5/3 | 2.5 Y 4/3 | Arenite Paleogene | 2 MP/P Bls | MD | F | NPl/NPe | co |
Particle Size Distribution | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hor./Depth | Gravel | Sand Total | Silt | Clay | Silt/ Clay | Textural Class (SiBCS) | PD | SD |
cm | % | --------------g/kg-------------- | ----g/cm3---- | |||||
Profile 1—NEOSSOLO FLÚVICO Ta Eutrófico típico (Fluvisols) | ||||||||
Ap (0–15) | 1.2 | 390 | 340 | 270 | 1.26 | Loam | 2.25 | 1.20 |
2C1 (15–34) | 4.3 | 600 | 210 | 190 | 1.10 | Sandy loam | 2.40 | 1.20 |
2C2(34–55) | 1.3 | 620 | 210 | 170 | 1.23 | Sandy loam | 2.39 | 1.20 |
3C3 (55–65) | 2.4 | 620 | 180 | 200 | 0.90 | Sandy clay loam | 2.49 | 1.60 |
3C4 (65–85) | 3.0 | 620 | 150 | 230 | 0.65 | Sandy clay loam | 2.50 | 1.60 |
Profile 2—CAMBISSOLO HÁPLICO Ta Eutrófico típico (Cambisols) | ||||||||
A (0–10) | 2.9 | 620 | 160 | 220 | 0.73 | Sandy clay loam | 2.52 | 1.40 |
AB (10–21) | 4.4 | 640 | 160 | 200 | 0.80 | Sandy clay loam | 2.45 | 1.10 |
BA (21–40) | 6.9 | 620 | 160 | 220 | 0.73 | Sandy clay loam | 2.49 | 1.40 |
B (40–60) | 5.8 | 600 | 170 | 230 | 0.74 | Sandy clay loam | 2.47 | 1.50 |
Profile 3—NEOSSOLO FLÚVICO Ta Eutrófico típico (Fluvisols) | ||||||||
A1 (0–10) | 5.5 | 380 | 390 | 230 | 1.70 | Loam | 2.29 | 1.20 |
A2 (10–20) | 8.5 | 630 | 210 | 160 | 1.31 | Sandy loam | 2.43 | 1.60 |
AC (20–50) | 13.2 | 630 | 180 | 190 | 0.95 | Sandy loam | 2.54 | 1.20 |
C (50–98) | 5.9 | 800 | 110 | 90 | 1.22 | Loamy sand | 2.52 | 1.20 |
Profile 4—LUVISSOLO CRÔMICO Órtico típico (Luvisols) | ||||||||
A (0–10) | 33.0 | 590 | 280 | 130 | 2.15 | Sandy loam | 2.30 | 1.50 |
AB (10–20) | 16.3 | 620 | 230 | 150 | 1.53 | Sandy loam | 2.34 | 1.60 |
BA (20–33) | 7.9 | 490 | 210 | 290 | 0.72 | Sandy clay loam | 2.47 | 1.50 |
Bt (33–57) | 10.5 | 490 | 200 | 310 | 0.64 | Sandy clay loam | 2.30 | 1.60 |
BC (57–65) | 8.9 | 560 | 210 | 230 | 0.91 | Sandy clay loam | 2.49 | 1.40 |
Profile 5—PLANOSSOLO HÁPLICO Eutrófico típico (Planosols) | ||||||||
A1 (0–10) | 11.6 | 660 | 220 | 120 | 1.83 | Sandy loam | 2.31 | 1.20 |
A2 (10–32) | 10.0 | 660 | 180 | 160 | 1.12 | Sandy loam | 2.37 | 1.30 |
A3 (32–44) | 3.8 | 630 | 190 | 180 | 1.05 | Sandy loam | 2.43 | 1.40 |
BA (44–64) | 7.7 | 710 | 150 | 140 | 1.07 | Sandy loam | 2.63 | 1.70 |
Bt (64–100) | 10.8 | 630 | 140 | 230 | 0.61 | Sandy clay loam | 2.56 | 1.40 |
Profile 6—NEOSSOLO LITÓLICO Chernossólico típico (Leptsols) | ||||||||
A1 (0–28) | 10.4 | 630 | 240 | 130 | 1.85 | Sandy loam | 2.37 | 1.40 |
A2 (28–44) | 10.8 | 640 | 210 | 150 | 1.40 | Sandy loam | 2.49 | 1.20 |
CR (44–90) | 14 | 700 | 150 | 150 | 1.00 | Sandy loam | 2.52 | 1.60 |
Profile 7—ARGISSOLO VERMELHO-AMARELO Eutrófico típico (Acrisols) | ||||||||
A (0–10) | 10.5 | 600 | 190 | 210 | 0.90 | Sandy clay loam | 2.51 | 1.20 |
BA (10–20) | 15.9 | 650 | 180 | 170 | 1.06 | Sandy loam | 2.44 | 1.20 |
Bt (20–50) | 2.7 | 200 | 190 | 610 | 0.31 | Clay | 2.61 | 1.20 |
BC (50–75) | 2.4 | 250 | 180 | 570 | 0.62 | Clay loam | 2.58 | 1.20 |
Profile 8—PLANOSSOLO HÁPLICO Eutrófico típico (Planosols) | ||||||||
A (0–6) | 30.1 | 670 | 230 | 100 | 2.30 | Sandy loam | 2.51 | 1.30 |
BA (6–23) | 4.9 | 610 | 200 | 190 | 1.05 | Sandy loam | 2.49 | 1.30 |
Bt (23–43) | 2.0 | 640 | 160 | 200 | 0.80 | Sandy clay loam | 2.59 | 1.30 |
CR (43–60) | 4.5 | 730 | 130 | 140 | 0.93 | Sandy loam | 2.59 | 1.30 |
Profile 9—NEOSSOLO LITÓLICO Eutrófico típico (Leptsols) | ||||||||
A (0–20) | 7.9 | 700 | 190 | 110 | 1.73 | Sandy loam | 2.53 | 1.30 |
Hor./Depth | TOC | pH (1:2.5) | ΔpH | EC | P | K+ | Na+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Al3+ | (H + Al) | SB | t | CEC | Clay Activity | V | m | PST | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cm | g/kg | H2O | KCl | dS/m | mg/kg | -----------------------cmolc/kg----------------------- | cmolc/kg of Clay | -------%------ | |||||||||||
Profile 1—NEOSSOLO FLÚVICO Ta Eutrófico típico (Fluvisols) | |||||||||||||||||||
Ap (0–15) | 34.63 | 4.32 | 4.85 | 0.53 | 1.37 | 30.68 | 0.85 | 0.68 | 7.77 | 3.72 | 0.29 | 5.84 | 13.02 | 13.31 | 18.86 | 70.54 | 69 | 2 | 4 |
2C1 (15–34) | 17.91 | 3.98 | 3.78 | −0.19 | 0.23 | 55.34 | 0.21 | 0.34 | 4.15 | 1.25 | 0.71 | 4.88 | 5.95 | 6.66 | 10.83 | 55.77 | 55 | 11 | 3 |
2C2(34–55) | 16.72 | 4.30 | 3.96 | −0.34 | 0.20 | 83.80 | 0.13 | 0.41 | 5.02 | 2.04 | 0.49 | 2.63 | 7.59 | 8.08 | 10.23 | 59.68 | 74 | 6 | 4 |
3C3 (55–65) | 10.77 | 4.74 | 4.36 | −0.37 | 0.20 | 77.30 | 0.30 | 0.45 | 5.91 | 1.84 | 0.29 | 1.91 | 8.50 | 8.79 | 10.42 | 51.62 | 82 | 3 | 4 |
3C4 (65–85) | 7.95 | 5.03 | 4.61 | −0.43 | 0.23 | 62.06 | 0.25 | 0.41 | 6.18 | 1.98 | 0.21 | 1.31 | 8.83 | 9.04 | 10.14 | 44.44 | 87 | 2 | 4 |
Profile 2—CAMBISSOLO HÁPLICO Ta Eutrófico típico (Cambisols) | |||||||||||||||||||
A (0–10) | 23.1 | 5.30 | 4.93 | −0.38 | 0.16 | 107.34 | 0.44 | 0.72 | 8.71 | 5.74 | 0.09 | 1.78 | 15.62 | 15.70 | 17.39 | 80.18 | 90 | 1 | 4 |
AB (10–21) | 19.48 | 5.50 | 5.19 | −0.31 | 0.16 | 114.06 | 0.65 | 0.56 | 8.31 | 5.76 | 0.06 | 1.07 | 15.28 | 15.34 | 16.35 | 82.01 | 94 | 0 | 3 |
BA (21–40) | 11.92 | 4.93 | 4.34 | −0.59 | 0.14 | 61.84 | 0.14 | 0.38 | 7.40 | 5.88 | 0.27 | 1.66 | 13.81 | 14.08 | 15.47 | 71.74 | 89 | 2 | 3 |
B (40–60) | 8.36 | 4.91 | 4.16 | −0.75 | 0.13 | 48.39 | 0.13 | 0.31 | 6.26 | 6.49 | 0.32 | 1.52 | 13.19 | 13.51 | 14.71 | 64.50 | 90 | 2 | 2 |
Profile 3—NEOSSOLO FLÚVICO Ta Eutrófico típico (Fluvisols) | |||||||||||||||||||
A1 (0–10) | 45.73 | 6.40 | 6.56 | 0.16 | 1.42 | 186.24 | 0.75 | 0.83 | 11.07 | 5.08 | 0.00 | 1.19 | 17.73 | 17.73 | 18.92 | 81.23 | 94 | 0 | 4 |
A2 (10–20) | 21.53 | 4.87 | 4.57 | −0.30 | 0.42 | 149.03 | 0.07 | 0.29 | 6.56 | 2.14 | 0.18 | 2.04 | 9.06 | 9.24 | 11.10 | 71.92 | 82 | 2 | 3 |
AC (20–50) | 5.83 | 5.22 | 4.76 | −0.46 | 0.74 | 100.84 | 0.04 | 0.36 | 8.15 | 2.63 | 0.14 | 1.47 | 11.18 | 11.32 | 12.65 | 66.01 | 88 | 1 | 3 |
C (50–98) | 1.8 | 6.36 | 5.68 | −0.68 | 0.65 | 220.31 | 0.02 | 0.40 | 5.72 | 2.56 | 0.00 | 0.83 | 8.69 | 8.69 | 9.52 | 106.64 | 91 | 0 | 4 |
Profile 4—LUVISSOLO CRÔMICO Órtico típico (Luvisols) | |||||||||||||||||||
A (0–10) | 27.04 | 5.50 | 5.43 | −0.07 | 0.23 | 112.05 | 0.95 | 0.74 | 6.85 | 2.75 | 0.47 | 2.71 | 11.29 | 11.75 | 13.99 | 110.02 | 81 | 4 | 5 |
AB (10–20) | 16.66 | 5.10 | 4.90 | −0.20 | 0.15 | 96.36 | 0.47 | 0.68 | 6.65 | 2.49 | 0.14 | 2.57 | 10.29 | 10.44 | 12.87 | 84.78 | 80 | 1 | 5 |
BA (20–33) | 10.83 | 4.82 | 4.32 | −0.50 | 0.13 | 23.06 | 0.06 | 0.28 | 7.64 | 1.78 | 0.24 | 2.56 | 9.76 | 10.00 | 12.32 | 42.60 | 79 | 2 | 2 |
Bt (33–57) | 8.34 | 5.11 | 4.38 | −0.73 | 0.13 | 8.51 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 7.31 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 1.60 | 9.99 | 10.23 | 11.58 | 37.73 | 86 | 2 | 1 |
BC (57–65) | 2.91 | 5.15 | 4.40 | −0.75 | 0.13 | 11.45 | 0.10 | 0.19 | 6.37 | 2.93 | 0.25 | 1.81 | 9.59 | 9.84 | 11.40 | 49.91 | 84 | 3 | 2 |
Profile 5—PLANOSSOLO HÁPLICO Eutrófico típico (Planosols) | |||||||||||||||||||
A1 (0–10) | 35.82 | 6.70 | 7.06 | 0.35 | 0.42 | 199.54 | 0.88 | 0.11 | 8.11 | 2.16 | 0.00 | 0.53 | 11.27 | 11.27 | 11.80 | 102.09 | 95 | 0 | 1 |
A2 (10–32) | 30.48 | 6.34 | 6.62 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 197.71 | 0.52 | 0.27 | 6.75 | 1.24 | 0.00 | 1.01 | 8.79 | 8.79 | 9.79 | 60.22 | 90 | 0 | 3 |
A3 (32–44) | 14.97 | 5.16 | 4.87 | −0.29 | 0.22 | 21.01 | 0.10 | 0.34 | 3.07 | 2.40 | 0.08 | 2.12 | 5.91 | 5.99 | 8.03 | 44.04 | 74 | 1 | 4 |
BA (44–64) | 10.42 | 4.46 | 4.25 | −0.21 | 0.23 | 27.05 | 0.09 | 0.25 | 2.15 | 1.51 | 0.29 | 2.27 | 4.00 | 4.29 | 6.26 | 45.03 | 64 | 7 | 4 |
Bt (64–100) | 9.58 | 4.78 | 4.28 | −0.50 | 0.31 | 5.28 | 0.05 | 0.61 | 4.22 | 1.09 | 0.19 | 1.67 | 5.98 | 6.17 | 7.66 | 32.95 | 78 | 3 | 8 |
Profile 6—NEOSSOLO LITÓLICO Chernossólico típico (Leptsols) | |||||||||||||||||||
A1 (0–28) | 43.74 | 6.35 | 6.43 | 0.09 | 0.32 | 233.19 | 0.72 | 0.41 | 9.81 | 0.83 | 0.10 | 1.43 | 11.77 | 11.87 | 13.20 | 102.51 | 89 | 1 | 3 |
A2 (28–44) | 22.68 | 6.17 | 6.04 | −0.13 | 0.31 | 170.93 | 0.42 | 0.74 | 6.68 | 3.43 | 0.00 | 1.40 | 11.26 | 11.27 | 12.67 | 86.66 | 89 | 0 | 6 |
CR (44–90) | 9.54 | 5.80 | 5.38 | −0.42 | 0.28 | 83.02 | 0.20 | 0.27 | 5.08 | 2.28 | 0.00 | 1.55 | 7.84 | 7.84 | 9.39 | 61.22 | 83 | 0 | 3 |
Profile 7—ARGISSOLO VERMELHO-AMARELO Eutrófico típico (Acrisols) | |||||||||||||||||||
A (0–10) | 15.27 | 4.33 | 4.15 | −0.18 | 0.19 | 2.72 | 0.12 | 0.39 | 2.47 | 0.34 | 0.45 | 3.05 | 3.32 | 3.78 | 6.37 | 30.42 | 52 | 12 | 6 |
BA (10–20) | 14.78 | 4.71 | 4.62 | −0.10 | 0.24 | 6.97 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 2.82 | 0.64 | 0.10 | 3.07 | 3.87 | 3.97 | 6.94 | 41.55 | 56 | 3 | 4 |
Bt (20–50) | 4.48 | 4.38 | 4.43 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.72 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 2.78 | 1.44 | 0.28 | 2.62 | 4.52 | 4.80 | 7.15 | 11.75 | 63 | 6 | 3 |
BC (50–75) | 4.03 | 4.30 | 4.37 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 1.34 | 0.05 | 0.26 | 2.22 | 1.77 | 0.40 | 2.42 | 4.31 | 4.70 | 6.73 | 11.91 | 64 | 8 | 4 |
Profile 8—PLANOSSOLO HÁPLICO Eutrófico típico (Planosols) | |||||||||||||||||||
A (0–6) | 21.52 | 5.28 | 5.27 | −0.01 | 0.21 | 185.12 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 7.70 | 1.08 | 0.00 | 3.56 | 8.99 | 8.99 | 12.55 | 120.45 | 72 | 0 | 1 |
BA (6–23) | 11.21 | 4.92 | 4.58 | −0.34 | 0.18 | 74.55 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 9.76 | 0.70 | 0.06 | 2.45 | 10.53 | 10.59 | 12.98 | 69.39 | 81 | 1 | 0 |
Bt (23–43) | 10.77 | 5.22 | 4.29 | −0.93 | 0.16 | 62.64 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 11.66 | 1.88 | 0.18 | 1.82 | 13.64 | 13.82 | 15.46 | 78.82 | 88 | 1 | 1 |
CR (43–60) | 7.18 | 5.24 | 4.35 | −0.89 | 0.14 | 65.16 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 7.76 | 1.65 | 0.10 | 1.29 | 9.52 | 9.62 | 10.81 | 75.24 | 88 | 1 | 1 |
Profile 9—NEOSSOLO LITÓLICO Eutrófico típico (Leptsols) | |||||||||||||||||||
A (0–20) | 12.9 | 5.40 | 5.11 | −0.29 | 0.33 | 16.25 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 4.36 | 2.18 | 0.01 | 1.42 | 6.74 | 6.75 | 8.16 | 72.87 | 83 | 0 | 2 |
Sand | Silt | Clay | TOC | pH | EC | P | K+ | Na+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Al3+ | (H + Al) | SB | CEC | V | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sand | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
Silt | −0.48 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
Clay | −0.90 | 0.05 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
TOC | −0.05 | 0.73 | −0.30 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
pH | 0.35 | 0.13 | −0.46 | 0.48 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
EC | −0.21 | 0.65 | −0.08 | 0.52 | 0.25 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
P | 0.35 | 0.22 | −0.50 | 0.61 | 0.79 | 0.30 | 1.00 | |||||||||
K+ | −0.26 | 0.79 | −0.10 | 0.76 | 0.45 | 0.77 | 0.49 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Na+ | −0.06 | 0.40 | −0.12 | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.62 | 0.33 | 0.61 | 1.00 | |||||||
Ca2+ | 0.10 | 0.34 | −0.29 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.31 | 0.54 | 0.46 | 0.22 | 1.00 | ||||||
Mg2+ | −0.08 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 1.00 | |||||
Al3+ | −0.33 | 0.06 | 0.34 | −0.20 | −0.74 | −0.21 | −0.49 | −0.20 | 0.15 | −0.39 | −0.11 | 1.00 | ||||
(H + Al) | −0.34 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 0.08 | −0.68 | 0.17 | −0.37 | −0.07 | 0.13 | −0.25 | −0.23 | 0.57 | 1.00 | |||
SB | 0.01 | 0.38 | −0.21 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.45 | 0.48 | 0.61 | 0.53 | 0.86 | 0.73 | −0.26 | −0.22 | 1.00 | ||
CEC | −0.09 | 0.50 | −0.16 | 0.46 | 0.23 | 0.51 | 0.38 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.80 | 0.68 | −0.10 | 0.06 | 0.96 | 1.00 | |
V | 0.31 | −0.02 | −0.34 | 0.20 | 0.71 | 0.16 | 0.58 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 0.73 | 0.52 | −0.53 | −0.71 | 0.75 | 0.56 | 1.00 |
Factor Loadings | ||
---|---|---|
Variables | Factor 1 | Factor 2 |
Nutrient Availability | Inorganic Fractions | |
Sand | −0.10 | 0.85 |
Silt | −0.60 | −0.64 |
Clay | 0.41 | −0.64 |
TOC | −0.77 | −0.19 |
Ph | −0.70 | 0.52 |
EC | −0.67 | −0.45 |
P | −0.76 | 0.37 |
K+ | −0.84 | −0.42 |
Na+ | −0.54 | −0.41 |
Ca2+ | −0.76 | 0.14 |
Mg2+ | −0.47 | −0.13 |
Al3+ | 0.46 | −0.56 |
CEC | −0.78 | −0.25 |
V | −0.68 | 0.44 |
Eingevalue | 5.72 | 3.14 |
Total Variance (%) | 40.86 | 22.40 |
Total Variance Accumulated (%) | 40.86 | 63.26 |
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Farias, P.K.P.; Portela, J.C.; Batista, R.O.; da Costa, J.D.; Gondim, J.E.F.; de Matos, G.X.; Mota, P.J.; Silva, E.F.d.; Oliveira, F.d.A.d.; Pereira, J.O.; et al. Characterization and Classification of Soils in Agroecosystems in a Moist Enclave in Northeastern Brazil. Land 2023, 12, 1881. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101881
Farias PKP, Portela JC, Batista RO, da Costa JD, Gondim JEF, de Matos GX, Mota PJ, Silva EFd, Oliveira FdAd, Pereira JO, et al. Characterization and Classification of Soils in Agroecosystems in a Moist Enclave in Northeastern Brazil. Land. 2023; 12(10):1881. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101881
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarias, Phâmella Kalliny Pereira, Jeane Cruz Portela, Rafael Oliveira Batista, Joseane Dunga da Costa, Joaquim Emanuel Fernandes Gondim, Geisiane Xavier de Matos, Paulo Jardel Mota, Eulene Francisco da Silva, Francisco de Assis de Oliveira, Joaquim Odilon Pereira, and et al. 2023. "Characterization and Classification of Soils in Agroecosystems in a Moist Enclave in Northeastern Brazil" Land 12, no. 10: 1881. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101881
APA StyleFarias, P. K. P., Portela, J. C., Batista, R. O., da Costa, J. D., Gondim, J. E. F., de Matos, G. X., Mota, P. J., Silva, E. F. d., Oliveira, F. d. A. d., Pereira, J. O., Bandeira, D. J. d. C., do Nascimento, C. M., de Souza, R. O., Dantas, M. d. S., Dantas Moniz, T. d. C., & Araujo, A. G. R. (2023). Characterization and Classification of Soils in Agroecosystems in a Moist Enclave in Northeastern Brazil. Land, 12(10), 1881. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101881