Early Hominin Dispersal across the Qinling Mountains, China, during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Geographical Setting
2.2. Chronological Study of the 55 Hominin Fossils and Paleolithic Sites
2.2.1. Northern QMR
2.2.2. Eastern QMR
2.2.3. Southern QMR
3. Discussion
3.1. Chronological Framework of Hominin Occupation
3.2. Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Hominin Migration and Dispersal
3.3. The Mid-Pleistocene Transition Drove Early Hominin across the QMR
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Site | Age (Ma) | Dating Method | Loess–Paleosol Period | MIS | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northern QMR | Shangchen | 2.12–1.26 | PM, PC | S15–S27 | 39–81 | [67] |
Gongwangling | 1.15 | PM, PC | L15/S22–S23 | 12/53–56 | [37] | |
1.63 | PM, PC | [68] | ||||
1.82 | 26Al/10Be | [49] | ||||
Xihoudu | 1.27 | PM, PC | S17–S18 | 43–45 | [40] | |
1.4 | 26Al/10Be | [69] | ||||
2.43 | 26Al/10Be | [52] | ||||
Chenjiawo | 0.65 | PM, PC | S6 | 17 | [37,70] | |
Shuigou-Huixinggou | 0.9 | PM, PC | L9 | 23 | [71] | |
Jijiawan | 0.43–0.38 & 0.33–0.30 & 0.25–0.19 & 0.13–0.07 | OSL, pIRIR, PM, PC | S1, S2, S3, S4 | 5, 7, 9, 11 | [72] | |
Ganyu | 0.43–0.38 & 0.13–0.07 | pIRIR, PC | S1, S4 | 5, 11 | [72] | |
Dali | 0.23–0.18 | U | L3 | 8 | [73] | |
0.27 | PC | [43] | ||||
0.30–0.26 | IRSL, ESR, U | [74] | ||||
0.28 | ESR/U | [75] | ||||
0.26–0.27 | TT-OSL, pIRIR | [48] | ||||
Diaozhai | 0.07–0.02 | OSL, pIRIR | L1 | 2–4 | [72] | |
Eastern QMR | Shangbaichuan | 0.8–0.7 & 0.4–0.3 & 0.2–0.1 | OSL, PM, PC | S8 | 21 | [18,44] |
Miaokou | 0.7–0.6 | OSL, PM, PC | S5–S6 | 15–17 | [19] | |
Qiaojiayao | 0.62–0.6 | OSL, PM, PC | S5 | 15 | [45] | |
Liuwan | 0.4–0.3, 0.2–0.1 | OSL, PM, PC | S5 | 15 | [18,44] | |
0.625–0.581 & 0.575–0.568 | PM, PC | [47] | ||||
>0.60 | 26Al/10Be | [76] | ||||
Longyadong Cave | 0.5–0.25 | TL | L3–S4 | 9–11 | [24] | |
0.39–0.27 | TT-OSL | [36] | ||||
Yanling | 0.23–0.07 | pIRIR | S1 | 5 | [7,77] | |
Beiyao | 0.2–0.01 | PC, OSL, TT-OSL,14C | S0–S2 | 1–7 | [78] | |
Shizilukou | 0.12–0.04 | TT-OSL, pIRIR | L1–S1 | 3–5 | [7,79] | |
Huaishuping | 0.09–0.01 | OSL | L1–S1 | 2–5 | [7,80] | |
Zhuangzicun | 0.07 | OSL | L1 | 4 | [26] | |
Southern QMR | Yunxian | 0.87–0.83 | PM, PC | S8–S9 | 21–26 | [81] |
0.936 | PM, PC | [33] | ||||
0.581 | ESR | [82] | ||||
0.8–0.785 | PM, PC | [34] | ||||
1.0–0.78 | PM, PC | [35] | ||||
1.1 | ESR/U | [83] | ||||
Meipu | 0.99–0.78 | U, PM, PC | L8–S9 | 20–26 | [84] | |
Bailong Cave | 0.76 | 26Al/10Be | S5/S7 | 13/19 | [85] | |
0.78 | PM, PC | [86] | ||||
0.5 | ESR/U | [50] | ||||
Huanglong Cave | 0.095 & 0.079 | U | S1 | 5 | [87] | |
0.103 & 0.044 | U | [88] | ||||
0.1–0.057 | U | [89] | ||||
0.101–0.081 | U | [51] | ||||
<0.001 | 14C | [90] | ||||
Changyang Cave | 0.195 | U | L2 | 6 | [91,92,93] | |
0.196–0.143 | U | [94] | ||||
Longgangsi-3 | 1.2–0.71 | pIRIR, PM, PC | L7–S14 | 18–37 | [32] | |
Yuelianghu | 0.99–0.94 & 0.87–0.81 | PM, PC | S8 | 21 | [95] | |
Wutaicun | 0.98–0.95 | pIRIR, PM, PC | S9 | 26 | [32] | |
Guanmenyan | 0.8 | PM, PC | L8 | 20 | [95] | |
Liubeijiuchang | 0.78–0.71 & 0.15–0.13 | pIRIR, PM, PC | S1, S7 | 5,19 | [96] | |
Wujiagou | 0.78–0.71 | PM, PC | S7 | 19 | [96] | |
Longgangsi-2 | 0.78 & 0.7 | pIRIR, PM, PC | S6 | 17 | [32] | |
Shuangshu | 0.65–0.52 | ESR | S5 | 13–15 | [97] | |
Yaochangwan | 0.6 | OSL, PM, PC | S5 | 15 | [32,46] | |
Luojiacun | 0.6 | pIRIR, PM, PC | S5 | 15 | [32,46] | |
Longgangsi-1 | 0.58–0.07 | PC | S1–S5 | 5–15 | [7] | |
Maling 2A | 0.39–0.22 | pIRIR | S2–L4 | 7–10 | [98] | |
Jinshuihekou | >0.15 | pIRIR | L2- | 6- | [99] | |
Liangshancun | 0.19–0.14 | TT-OSL | L2 | 6 | [100] | |
Lianfeng-2 | 0.17–0.11 | TT-OSL | S1–L2 | 5–6 | [100] | |
Jinkuangcun-2 | 0.17–0.08 | TT-OSL | S1–L2 | 5–6 | [100] | |
Chihe-2 | 0.16–0.11 | TT-OSL | S1–L2 | 5–6 | [100] | |
Houfang | 0.15–0.8 | TT-OSL | S1 | 5 | [30,35] | |
Chihe-1 | 0.15–0.11 | TT-OSL | S1–L2 | 5–6 | [100] | |
Jinkuangcun-3 | 0.15–0.08 | TT-OSL | S1–L2 | 5–6 | [100] | |
Lianfeng-1 | 0.15–0.07 | TT-OSL | L1, L2 | 4, 6 | [100] | |
Erligou | 0.13–0.11 | TT-OSL | S1 | 5 | [100] | |
Qujiahe | 0.13–0.1 | TT-OSL | S1–L2 | 5–6 | [100] | |
Yangjiaping | 0.12–0.07 | TT-OSL | S1 | 5 | [100] | |
Dishuiyan | 0.11–0.05 | OSL, TT-OSL | L1–S1 | 4–5 | [35] | |
Hejialiang | 0.09–0.07 | TT-OSL | S1 | 5 | [46] | |
Houshanpo | >0.07 | OSL | S1– | 5- | [101] | |
Huoshiwa | >0.05 | OSL | L1– | 3- | [101] | |
Luohansi-2 | 0.18–0.11 | TT-OSL | S1–L2 | 5–6 | [102] | |
Luohansi-1 | 0.05–0.03 | OSL | L1 | 3–4 | [102] | |
Jigongshan | 0.02–0.01 & >0.05 | 14C | [103,104] | |||
0.15–0.11 & 0.04–0.02 | OSL, TT-OSL | L1, S1–L2 | 3, 5–6 | [105] |
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Guo, X.; Sun, X.; Lu, H.; Wang, S.; Lu, C. Early Hominin Dispersal across the Qinling Mountains, China, during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition. Land 2023, 12, 1882. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101882
Guo X, Sun X, Lu H, Wang S, Lu C. Early Hominin Dispersal across the Qinling Mountains, China, during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition. Land. 2023; 12(10):1882. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101882
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Xiaoqi, Xuefeng Sun, Huayu Lu, Shejiang Wang, and Chengqiu Lu. 2023. "Early Hominin Dispersal across the Qinling Mountains, China, during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition" Land 12, no. 10: 1882. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101882
APA StyleGuo, X., Sun, X., Lu, H., Wang, S., & Lu, C. (2023). Early Hominin Dispersal across the Qinling Mountains, China, during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition. Land, 12(10), 1882. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101882