Land at the Service of the Regional Growth Coalition: Projects of Special Interest in the Region of Castilla–La Mancha (Spain)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background—Short History of Neo-Liberal Development
3. Methodological Approach
3.1. Description of the Case Study
- (a)
- “Infrastructures of any type, comprising constructions and complementary facilities adapted for complete and effective management or exploitation, in the area of land or air communications; telecommunications; execution of hydrological plans and civil works; gas production, transformation, storage and distribution; collection, storage, conduction or transportation, treatment or sanitation, purifying and new utilisation of water or any type of waste, including urban and industrial.
- (b)
- Works, constructions and facilities, including any complementary urban development required to execute regional public housing policies or programmes and educational, recreational, healthcare, social welfare and sports installations, amenities and establishments destined to appropriate products and services for citizens.
- (c)
- Facilities for industrial and tertiary activities, the object of which is production, distribution or commercialisation of goods and services, including any complementary urban development required, which is not provided for in the current spatial planning initiatives.
- (d)
- Public works and services and joint actions, agreed upon by the public administrations, or required, in any event, to accomplish common tasks or concurrent, shared or complementary competences” [38].
3.2. Method
4. Results. Land at the Service of Private Interests with Public Support: Types of PSI
- -
- Infrastructures—a wind farm and an airport;
- -
- Housing and public facility developments—a care home;
- -
- Installations for industrial and tertiary activities—two industrial parks and a technology centre (industrial activities) and a leisure complex, two golf courses, a shopping centre, a logistics platform and a theme park.
5. Discussion and conclusions
5.1. Land as a “Flexible”Resource: Key Points of the PSIs to Facilitate Private Initiative
- (a)
- The reduction of the time required to implement projects and the possibility of expropriating parcels of land. PSIs allow the time typically required to build infrastructures and facilities to be halved [38]. This aspect is highly valued by private companies. For example, the company responsible for the theme park project, in their report on the PSI, notes that, thanks to the regional government’s support, they were able to complete the urbanisation and building work within the planned deadline and thus avoid problems with the project’s funding structure [59].
- (b)
- Land reclassification, which is arguably the key factor. The spatial planning instrument of the PSI allows land to be reclassified with respect to the urban planning regulations in force. They can be implemented on any type of land, and municipal planning systems, given that urban development planning is the direct responsibility of each municipality, must be modified or reviewed to fit a PSI [38]. In practice, this allows for construction in any location that may be considered of interest to the region. Without the corresponding PSIs being approved, it would clearly have been legally impossible to implement the projects that were finally built. The regional growth coalition in Castilla–La Mancha reached the extreme of becoming the promoter that suggested how the municipal urban development plan should be modified, as occurred in the case of the multinational energy enterprise that developed the wind farm [49].
- (c)
- The use of rustic land for urban projects and its increased value. The law establishes that when the project is intended to be implemented on rustic land, declaring the project as a priority implies that the urban development classification of the land provided for in the spatial and urban planning regulations is approved [38]. A key to business is buying or owning rustic land, then getting it reclassified as urban. This immediately enhances the value of the land, with the PSI being an instrument that permits this significantly increased value to be obtained. For example, the golf course and shopping centre in Talavera de la Reina were built on reserved rustic land that was not available for urban development due to its agricultural interest. Once converted into urban land, its value increased exponentially, to the benefit of the private promoter.
- (d)
- Laissez-faire in dealing with the environmental impacts of the projects. The PSIs tend to undervalue, if not totally disregard, the environmental value of the places in which they are to be implemented, and their development goes ahead although the area might be environmentally fragile or there is a lack of resources, such as water. A clear example of this is the golf course on the outskirts of the city of Albacete, located next to the environmentally delicate banks of the River Júcar, which was justified as a means to conserve the ecosystem [60], despite transforming native woodland into an 18-hole golf course.
5.2. Concluding Thoughts and Outlooks
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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No. | PSI | Date Approved | Type | Purpose | Surface Area | Public or Private | Pre-Existing Land Use | Current Status | Investment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Implementation of wind farm in Pozo Cañada (Albacete) | 4 April 2000 | (a) Infrastructures | Wind farm with 37 wind turbines and auxiliary equipment | 49.8 ha | Private | Ecological Livestock | Functioning | No data |
2 | Care Home Los Álamos de Sta. Gema in Albacete | 2 July 2002 | (b) Works, constructions and facilities, housing and public facilities | Care home for older persons | 2.2 ha | Private | Land for development | Functioning | EUR 4,478,403 |
3 | Leisure Complex Reino de Don Quijote | -23 July 2002 PSI 1.1. General infrastructures -8 June 2004 PSI 5 Golf academy and tennis club -3 November 2004 PSI 2.1. Hotel-casino La Mancha -30 May 2006 PSI 1.2. General infrastructures | (c) Facilities for industrial and tertiary activities | Leisure complex comprising three golf courses, a tennis club, three hotels, a casino, a Don Quijote theme park, a high-end residential complex with 7000 homes and 2000 units of public housing | 149.3 ha | Private | Agricultural Ecological Livestock | Abandoned | No data |
4 | Golf Course Castilla–La Mancha (“Las Pinaillas”) in Albacete | 29 October 2002 | (c) Facilities for industrial and tertiary activities | Golf course, club house and related facilities | 80.3 ha | Private | Agricultural Ecological | Functioning | No data |
5 | Ciudad Real Airport | 22 July 2003 | (a) Infrastructures | Airport | 1831.9 ha | Public (land)–private (promotion and use) | Agricultural Ecological Livestock | Inactive | EUR 157,196,000 (initial planned investment) |
6 | El Fuerte de San Francisco in Guadalajara | 7 June 2005 | (b) Works, constructions and facilities, housing and public facilities | 1004 units of public housing, public facilities, buildings for tertiary and commercial use and restoration and rehabilitation of buildings of cultural interest for use as facilities | 24.6 ha | Public | Land for development Heritage Urban | Functioning | EUR 9,150,000 |
7 | Installation of golf course and shopping and leisure area with hotels in Talavera de la Reina | 18 October 2005 | (c) Facilities for industrial and tertiary activities | Golf course and club house, shopping, leisure and hotel area | 72.8 ha | Private | Agricultural Ecological | Functioning | EUR 24,197,534 |
8 | Aeronautics and logistics park in Albacete | 27 July 2008 | (c) Facilities for industrial and tertiary activities | Industrial and tertiary facilities for manufacturing, testing, maintenance and assembly of aeronautical components | 83.3 ha | Public (land and promotion)–private (use) | Land for development | Functioning (but largely vacant) | No data |
9 | Industrial and technology park in Illescas (Toledo) | 23 September 2008 | (c) Facilities for industrial and tertiary activities | Industrial and technology park for the development of industry, research and development and innovation activities with new technologies | 49.2 ha | Public (land and promotion)–private (use) | Agricultural | Functioning (but largely vacant) | EUR 41,855,526 |
10 | New area for facilities El Terminillo in Cuenca | 15 September 2009 | (b) Works, constructions and facilities, housing and public facilities | University hospital complex and public university administration facilities, sports and cultural amenities | 42.5 ha | Public | Agricultural Ecological | Only healthcare facilities under construction | EUR 222,510,000 |
11 | Logistics and intermodal platform for the southeast in Hellín (Albacete) | Approved 21 December 2009 and shelved 12 May 2012 | (c) Facilities for industrial and tertiary activities | Railway infrastructure and construction of a freight logistics and intermodal platform | 13.8 ha | Public (land and promotion)–private (use) | Agricultural Ecological Livestock | Abandoned | No data |
12 | Barrio Avanzado in Toledo | 3 August 2010 and expired 19 September 2018 | (b) Works, constructions and facilities, housing and public facilities | 2000 units of public housing, buildings for tertiary use and public facilities | 39.2 ha | Public | Land for development | Abandoned | No data |
13 | Technology centre Nokian Tyres in Santa Cruz de la Zarza (Toledo) | 22 May 2018 | (c) Facilities for industrial and tertiary activities | Technology centre for industrial research and provision of services for a tyre manufacturing chain | 248.5 ha | Private | Agricultural Ecological Livestock | Functioning and under construction | EUR 59,979,579 |
14 | Theme Park Puy du Fou España in Toledo | 13 November 2018 | (c) Facilities for industrial and tertiary activities | Historical and cultural theme park with shows | 161.1 ha | Private | Agricultural Ecological Livestock | Functioning and under construction | EUR 241,602,000 |
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Escudero Gómez, L.A. Land at the Service of the Regional Growth Coalition: Projects of Special Interest in the Region of Castilla–La Mancha (Spain). Land 2021, 10, 875. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10080875
Escudero Gómez LA. Land at the Service of the Regional Growth Coalition: Projects of Special Interest in the Region of Castilla–La Mancha (Spain). Land. 2021; 10(8):875. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10080875
Chicago/Turabian StyleEscudero Gómez, Luis Alfonso. 2021. "Land at the Service of the Regional Growth Coalition: Projects of Special Interest in the Region of Castilla–La Mancha (Spain)" Land 10, no. 8: 875. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10080875
APA StyleEscudero Gómez, L. A. (2021). Land at the Service of the Regional Growth Coalition: Projects of Special Interest in the Region of Castilla–La Mancha (Spain). Land, 10(8), 875. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10080875