Exploring the Transformation in the ‘Spirit of Place’ by Considering the Changed and Unchanged Defensive Spaces of Settlements: A Case Study of the Wugoushui Hakka Settlement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Definitions and Research into ‘Spirit of Place’
2.2. Defensive Spaces of Traditional Settlements
2.3. Relationship between Defensive Space and Spirit of Place
3. Research Methods
3.1. Structured Observation
3.2. In-Depth Interviews
3.3. Content Analysis
3.3.1. Method Introduction
3.3.2. Process
3.4. Site Analysis
4. Analysis and Changes in Wugoushui’s Defensive Space
4.1. Reliability Analysis and Content Analysis
4.1.1. Reliability Score
4.1.2. Content Analysis
4.2. Changes in Wugoushui’s Defensive Space
4.2.1. Changes in Wugoushui’s Spiritual Defences
A1—Fengshui Landscape
A2—Religious Beliefs
A3—Symbols of Physical Defence
A4—Trust
A5—Sense of Belonging
4.2.2. Changes in Wugoushui’s Physical Defences
B1—Topography
B2—Boundary Defences
B3—Access Control
B4—Nodes
B5—Street Network
B6—Planting
4.2.3. Changes in Wugoushui’s Behavioural Defences
C1—Institutions
C2—Social Norm
C3—Territory
C4—Affordance
C5—Social Networks
5. Transformation in Wugoushui’s Spirit of Place
5.1. Wugoushui’s Spirit of Place
5.2. Causes of Changes in the Spirit of Place
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aspects | Criteria | Themes |
---|---|---|
Spiritual defence (A) | Fengshui Landscape(A1) | 1.Blocking intruding enemies; 2. Blessings; 3. Modern Yang/Yin-dwellings’ lower Fengshui dependence and lower defensive roles. |
Religious Beliefs (A2) | 1. Praying for peace; 2. Deterring foreign enemies. | |
Symbol of Physical Defence (A3) | 1. Warning foreign enemies; 2. Providing mental comfort; 3. No defensive symbols on new buildings. | |
Trust (A4) | 1. Resisting foreign enemies in an untied way; 2. Promoting mental security; 3. Declining trust. | |
Sense of Belonging (A5) | 1. Reinforcing attachments to the homeland; 2. Enhancing the awareness of defending the homeland; 3. Strengthening united resistance against intrusion. | |
Physical defence (B) | Topography (B1) | 1. Living along the river; 2. Making the settlement safer. |
Boundary Defence (B2) | 1. Physical defence roles in early days; 2. Boundaries defined with bridges and stone tablets; 3. No defensive function. | |
Access Control (B3) | 1. Pass gates at entrances as a defence; 2. Entrances remain unchanged nowadays; 3. The defensive function disappears. | |
Street Network (B4) | 1. Defensive function of narrow roads; 2. Roads are widened, pavements are upgraded; 3. The defensive function of roads disappears. | |
Nodes (B5) | 1. Defensive facilities in ancestral halls, temples or houses to fight intruders; 2. Activity centres, caring centres, etc. added to the list of nodes; 3. The defensive function of nodes disappears. | |
Planting (B6) | 1. Thorny bamboos have almost disappeared nowadays; 2. Changed to river bank defence; 3. Defensive function of stopping intruders. | |
Behavioural defence (C) | Institution (C1) | 1. Providing human resources for defence; 2. Providing material and financial support for defence; 3. The defensive function gradually disappears. |
Social Norm (C2) | 1. Conventional norm (unwritten codes and practices) to warn intruders; 2. The standard defensive function has gradually disappeared. | |
Territory (C3) | 1. Natural boundaries define the defensive space; 2. Human-built boundaries define the defensive space; 3. The defensive function of boundaries has gradually disappeared. | |
Affordance (C4) | 1. Enhancing collaboration; 2. Less participation in activities; 3. Improving cohesion; 4. Good for resist foreign enemies. | |
Social Network (C5) | 1. Improving cohesion; 2. Good for resisting foreign enemies. |
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He, Y.; Chen, C.-P.; Chou, R.-J.; Luo, H.; Hou, J.-S. Exploring the Transformation in the ‘Spirit of Place’ by Considering the Changed and Unchanged Defensive Spaces of Settlements: A Case Study of the Wugoushui Hakka Settlement. Land 2021, 10, 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10050490
He Y, Chen C-P, Chou R-J, Luo H, Hou J-S. Exploring the Transformation in the ‘Spirit of Place’ by Considering the Changed and Unchanged Defensive Spaces of Settlements: A Case Study of the Wugoushui Hakka Settlement. Land. 2021; 10(5):490. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10050490
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Yanfeng, Chie-Peng Chen, Rung-Jiun Chou, Haifeng Luo, and Jing-Shoung Hou. 2021. "Exploring the Transformation in the ‘Spirit of Place’ by Considering the Changed and Unchanged Defensive Spaces of Settlements: A Case Study of the Wugoushui Hakka Settlement" Land 10, no. 5: 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10050490
APA StyleHe, Y., Chen, C.-P., Chou, R.-J., Luo, H., & Hou, J.-S. (2021). Exploring the Transformation in the ‘Spirit of Place’ by Considering the Changed and Unchanged Defensive Spaces of Settlements: A Case Study of the Wugoushui Hakka Settlement. Land, 10(5), 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10050490