Soil Tillage and Crop Growth Effects on Surface and Subsurface Runoff, Loss of Soil, Phosphorus and Nitrogen in a Cold Climate
Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
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Land 2021, 10(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/land10010077
Received: 25 December 2020
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Revised: 12 January 2021
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Accepted: 13 January 2021
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Published: 15 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Tillage Systems and Conservative Agriculture)
Most studies on the effects of tillage operations documented the effects of tillage on losses through surface runoff. On flat areas, the subsurface runoff is the dominating pathway for water, soil and nutrients. This study presents results from a five-year plot study on a flat area measuring surface and subsurface runoff losses. The treatments compared were (A) autumn ploughing with oats, (B) autumn ploughing with winter wheat and (C) spring ploughing with spring barley (n = 3). The results showed that subsurface runoff was the main source for soil (67%), total phosphorus (76%), dissolved reactive phosphorus (75%) and total nitrogen (89%) losses. Through the subsurface pathway, the lowest soil losses occurred from the spring ploughed plots. Losses of total phosphorus through subsurface runoff were also lower from spring ploughing compared to autumn ploughing. Total nitrogen losses were higher from autumn ploughing compared to other treatments. Losses of total nitrogen were more influenced by autumn ploughing than by a nitrogen surplus in production. Single extreme weather events, like the summer drought in 2018 and high precipitation in October 2014 were crucial to the annual soil and nutrient losses. Considering extreme weather events in agricultural management is a necessary prerequisite for successful mitigation of soil and nutrient losses in the future.
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Keywords:
soil erosion; nutrient loss; ploughing; winter wheat; runoff; extreme weather; nitrogen; phosphorus; soil loss; subsurface runoff; surface runoff
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MDPI and ACS Style
Bechmann, M.E.; Bøe, F. Soil Tillage and Crop Growth Effects on Surface and Subsurface Runoff, Loss of Soil, Phosphorus and Nitrogen in a Cold Climate. Land 2021, 10, 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10010077
AMA Style
Bechmann ME, Bøe F. Soil Tillage and Crop Growth Effects on Surface and Subsurface Runoff, Loss of Soil, Phosphorus and Nitrogen in a Cold Climate. Land. 2021; 10(1):77. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10010077
Chicago/Turabian StyleBechmann, Marianne E., and Frederik Bøe. 2021. "Soil Tillage and Crop Growth Effects on Surface and Subsurface Runoff, Loss of Soil, Phosphorus and Nitrogen in a Cold Climate" Land 10, no. 1: 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10010077
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