Aspects of Hexavalent Chromium Pollution of Thebes Plain Aquifer, Boeotia, Greece
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Generally Information about Chromium
2.1. Oxidation States of Chromium
2.2. Isotopic Chemistry
Stable Isotopes Chromium Systematics
- Rsample: the 53Cr/52Cr ratio in the sample water
- Ro: the initial 53Cr/52Cr ratio
- C: the concentration of Cr in the sample water
- Co: the initial Cr concentration of the sample
- α: Cr fractionation factor
- δ53Cr is related with Rsample with the following equation
2.3. Strontium Isotopes Systematics
3. Geology and Hydrogeology
3.1. Hydrogeological Aspects
3.2. Sampling Campaign
3.3. Anthropogenic Sources of Pollution
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Major Chemistry and Heavy Metals
4.2. Isotopic Ratios
4.2.1. Stable Isotopes of Chromium
4.2.2. Strontium Isotopic Measurements
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Physicochemical Properties
5.2. Anions and Cations
5.3. Trace Elements and SiO2
5.4. Heavy Metals and Chromium
5.5. Isotopic Compositions
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Unit | Average | St. Dev. | Min. | Max. | N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cond | μs/cm | 736.6 | 119.7 | 466 | 957 | 20 |
D.O. | mg/L | 8.89 | 4.2 | 2.4 | 14.4 | 20 |
pH | 8.18 | 1.2 | 7.4 | 9.41 | 20 | |
Eh | mV | 157.65 | 60.3 | 80 | 268 | 20 |
T | °C | 21 | 0.4 | 20 | 21.9 | 20 |
F− | mg/L | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 19 |
Cl− | mg/L | 42 | 18.7 | 16 | 80.9 | 20 |
Br− | mg/L | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 20 |
NO3− | mg/L | 44.9 | 36.9 | 4.6 | 145 | 20 |
SO4− | mg/L | 12.5 | 9.8 | 3.3 | 45.7 | 20 |
HCO3− | mg/L | 375.5 | 66.5 | 280 | 540 | 20 |
Na+ | mg/L | 26 | 9.2 | 10 | 50.3 | 20 |
K+ | mg/L | 1.7 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 9.9 | 20 |
Ca2+ | mg/L | 25 | 26.4 | 2.9 | 92.6 | 20 |
Mg2+ | mg/L | 81.1 | 20.1 | 42 | 122 | 20 |
SiO2 | mg/L | 36.1 | 21.6 | 13 | 87 | 20 |
Cr (VI) | μg/L | 80.8 | 79.2 | 3 | 255 | 20 |
Zn | μg/L | 137.4 | 341.2 | 19 | 1500 | 18 |
Pb | μg/L | 13 | 4.6 | 3 | 19.4 | 18 |
Cu | μg/L | 8.8 | 17 | 2.2 | 75.6 | 18 |
Sample | Crtot (μg/L) | Cr(VI) (μg/L) | Cr(VI)/Crtot % | NO3− (mg/L) | δ53Cr | 87Sr/86Sr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 257 | 255 | 0.78% | 13.773 | 0.99 | 0.709059 |
3 | 67 | 48 | 28.36% | 33.558 | 1.99 | 0.709011 |
4 | 112 | 100 | 10.71% | 20.142 | 0.94 | 0.708807 |
5 | 190 | 185 | 2.63% | 21.736 | 1.00 | 0.708861 |
6 | 178 | 159 | 10.67% | 30.664 | 0.94 | 0.709077 |
7 | 186 | 172 | 7.53% | 16.823 | 1.08 | 0.709088 |
8 | 159 | 145 | 8.81% | 49.046 | 1.10 | 0.709394 |
9 | 112 | 48 | 57.14% | 100.084 | 0.91 | 0.708952 |
10 | 78 | 44 | 43.59% | 72.678 | 0.93 | 0.708956 |
11 | 156 | 153 | 1.92% | 50.261 | 0.90 | 0.708911 |
12 | 44 | 31 | 29.55% | 11.473 | 0.62 | 0.708878 |
13 | 185 | 179 | 3.24% | 23.348 | 0.76 | 0.708998 |
Average | 144 | 127 | 17.08% | 36.96 | 1.01 | 0.708999 |
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Koilakos, D.I. Aspects of Hexavalent Chromium Pollution of Thebes Plain Aquifer, Boeotia, Greece. Water 2017, 9, 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9080611
Koilakos DI. Aspects of Hexavalent Chromium Pollution of Thebes Plain Aquifer, Boeotia, Greece. Water. 2017; 9(8):611. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9080611
Chicago/Turabian StyleKoilakos, Dimitrios I. 2017. "Aspects of Hexavalent Chromium Pollution of Thebes Plain Aquifer, Boeotia, Greece" Water 9, no. 8: 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9080611