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Volume 17
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Article

Study on the Development of Shallow Landslide Cracks and Instability Mechanisms Under Different Recurrence Intervals Based on Hydrological Models

by
Lin Sun
1,2,
Xiaoxiao Liu
1,
Jinrui He
1,
Fanmeng Kong
2,*,
Jingkai Qu
2 and
Yan Ai
2
1
Beijing Hazard of Geological Disaster Prevention, No. 24 Huangsi Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100120, China
2
School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2025, 17(10), 1526; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101526 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 28 February 2025 / Revised: 6 May 2025 / Accepted: 8 May 2025 / Published: 18 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Topic Slope Erosion Monitoring and Anti-erosion)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study examines the stability of the Huangyukou landslide in Yanqing District, Beijing, under varying rainfall conditions, focusing on the effects of rainfall infiltration and surface runoff on slope stability. Using a combination of field surveys, geophysical methods, drone photogrammetry, and laboratory testing, a high-precision 2D and 3D numerical model was developed. A hydrological-soil-structure coupling model was employed to simulate rainfall-induced infiltration and runoff processes, revealing that increased saturation and pore water pressure significantly reduce shear strength, enhancing the risk of slope failure. Stability analysis, using a reduction factor method, yielded stability coefficients of 1.06 and 1.04 for 20-year and 100-year return period rainfall scenarios, respectively. The results highlight the critical role of rainfall in destabilizing the upper layers of dolomite and shale, with significant deformation observed in the middle and rear slope sections. This research provides a comprehensive framework for assessing landslide risk under extreme rainfall events, offering practical implications for risk mitigation in similar geological contexts.
Keywords: rainfall infiltration; crack formation; hydrological-soil-structure coupling; instability mechanisms rainfall infiltration; crack formation; hydrological-soil-structure coupling; instability mechanisms

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sun, L.; Liu, X.; He, J.; Kong, F.; Qu, J.; Ai, Y. Study on the Development of Shallow Landslide Cracks and Instability Mechanisms Under Different Recurrence Intervals Based on Hydrological Models. Water 2025, 17, 1526. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101526

AMA Style

Sun L, Liu X, He J, Kong F, Qu J, Ai Y. Study on the Development of Shallow Landslide Cracks and Instability Mechanisms Under Different Recurrence Intervals Based on Hydrological Models. Water. 2025; 17(10):1526. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101526

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sun, Lin, Xiaoxiao Liu, Jinrui He, Fanmeng Kong, Jingkai Qu, and Yan Ai. 2025. "Study on the Development of Shallow Landslide Cracks and Instability Mechanisms Under Different Recurrence Intervals Based on Hydrological Models" Water 17, no. 10: 1526. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101526

APA Style

Sun, L., Liu, X., He, J., Kong, F., Qu, J., & Ai, Y. (2025). Study on the Development of Shallow Landslide Cracks and Instability Mechanisms Under Different Recurrence Intervals Based on Hydrological Models. Water, 17(10), 1526. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101526

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