The Impact of Electric Bidet Diffusion on Municipal Water Infrastructure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Proposal for a Use Model of Electric Bidet Based on a Questionnaire Survey
2.2. Environmental Impact Calculation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Modeling of Electric Bidet Use Based on Questionnaire Survey
3.1.1. Respondent Attributes
3.1.2. Use of Electric Bidets at Home
3.1.3. Use of Electric Bidets Outside the Home
3.1.4. Proposed Model for Electric Bidet Use at Home
3.2. Environmental Impact of Electric Bidet Use
3.2.1. Evaluation Using the New Model
3.2.2. Performance Evaluation
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sectors | FY2016 Plan | FY 2021 Revision |
---|---|---|
Industrial sector (factories, etc.) | 7% | 37% |
Transportation sector (automobiles etc.) | 28% | 38% |
Public sector (Infrastructure etc.) | 40% | 50% |
Residential sectors | 39% | 66% |
Period of survey | 1st time: August and September 2017 2nd time: June and July 2018 |
Survey target | Women’s university students and their families, living in Fukuoka Prefecture Men and women aged from their teens to their 60s |
Number of valid responses | 296 (1st time: 170, 2nd time: 126) |
Survey method | Questionnaires were distributed to the target students and collected at the university laboratory |
Survey items |
|
Bidet Use Type | Response Rate | Frequency of Use Per Day Set for Each Bidet Use Type | Frequency of Anal Flushing | Frequency of Bidet Flushing | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anal Flushing | Bidet Flushing | ||||
Use following every defecation and urination | 7% | 1 | 4 | 0.07 | 0.28 |
Use following every defecation, urination and during menstruation | 3% | 1 | 4 | 0.03 | 0.11 |
Use following every defecation only | 34% | 1 | 0 | 0.34 | 0.00 |
Use following every defecation and during menstruation | 11% | 1 | 4 × (1/4) | 0.11 | 0.11 |
Use following every defecation and sometimes during menstruation | 7% | 1 | 4 × (1/4) × 0.5 | 0.07 | 0.04 |
Use following some defecations | 13% | 0.44 | 0 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Use sometimes during defecation and every time of menstruation | 4% | 0.62 | 4 × 1 × (1/4) | 0.03 | 0.04 |
Use sometimes during defecation and menstruation | 6% | 0.33 | 4 × (1/4) × 0.37 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Use every time of menstruation | 6% | 0 | 4 × (1/4) | 0.00 | 0.06 |
Use sometimes during menstruation | 8% | 0 | 4 × (1/4) × 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.03 |
100% | 0.73 | 0.69 |
Anal Flushing | Bidet Flushing | |
---|---|---|
Men | 1 time | 0 time |
Women | 1 time |
Old Model | New Model | ||
---|---|---|---|
Water consumption (L/year) | 523.4 | 74.5 | |
Electricity consumption (kWh/year) | 56.48 | 47.06 | |
CO2 emissions (kg-CO2/year) | Power consumption origin | 25.08 | 20.89 |
Water consumption origin | 0.28 | 0.09 | |
Total amount | 25.36 | 20.99 |
Water Consumptio nm3/year (Millions) | Electricity Consumption GWh/year (Thousands) | CO2 Emissions t-CO2/year (Millions) | |
---|---|---|---|
Electric bidet No diffusion | 9035 | 208.9 | 151.37 |
Electric bidet Diffusion rate: 80% | 9042 | 210.8 | 152.24 |
Increase rate | 0.08% | 0.94% | 0.58% |
2008 | 2020 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Appearance | |||
Features | toilet seat | 24-h heating | Timed heating system calibrated by learning control system |
Flushing | Heated water from hot water storage | Instant heating | |
Environmental performance | Amount of flushing water per time | 400 mL | 200 mL |
Annual electricity consumption | 214.54 kWh/year/home | 51.77 kWh/year/home |
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Toyosada, K.; Xu, L. The Impact of Electric Bidet Diffusion on Municipal Water Infrastructure. Water 2022, 14, 639. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14040639
Toyosada K, Xu L. The Impact of Electric Bidet Diffusion on Municipal Water Infrastructure. Water. 2022; 14(4):639. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14040639
Chicago/Turabian StyleToyosada, Kanako, and Li Xu. 2022. "The Impact of Electric Bidet Diffusion on Municipal Water Infrastructure" Water 14, no. 4: 639. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14040639