Long-Term Isotope Records of Precipitation in Zagreb, Croatia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Stable Isotopes of Hydrogen and Oxygen
2.2. Tritium
2.3. Sampling Sites and Climate
2.4. Meteorological Data
2.5. Measurement of δ2H and δ18O
2.6. Measurement of Tritium Activity Concentration
2.7. Data Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. Meteorological Data
3.2. Stable Isotopes
3.3. Tritium Activity Concentration in Precipitation at Zagreb
4. Discussion
4.1. Trends in Meteorological Parameters
4.2. Trends in Stable Isotope Data
4.3. Deuterium Excess
4.4. Trends in Tritium Activity Concentration
4.5. Local Meteoric Water Line
4.6. Temperature Dependence of δ18O
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
List of Abbreviations
CMHS | Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service |
GMWL | Global meteoric water line |
GNIP | Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation |
GPC | Gas proportional counting |
IAEA | International Atomic Energy Agency |
IRMS | Isotope ratio mass spectrometry |
LMWL | Local meteoric water line |
LSC-EE | Liquid scintillation counting with electrolytic enrichment |
MA | Major axis least squares regression |
OLSR | Ordinary least squares regression |
PWLSR | Precipitation-weighted OLSR |
PWMA | Precipitation-weighted MA |
PWRMA | Precipitation-weighted RMA |
RBI | Ruđer Bošković Institute |
RMA | Reduced major axis regression |
rmSSEav | Average of the root mean square sum of squared errors |
SMOW | Standard mean ocean water |
TU | Tritium unit |
WMO | World Meteorological Organization |
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Year | T (°C) Mean | T (°C) Range | P (mm) | δ18O (‰) w.m. | n, %P | δ2H (‰) w.m. | n, %P | d (‰) w.m. | n, %P | A (TU) Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1976 | 10.6 | 1.3–21.4 | 908 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 100.5 |
1977 | 11.4 | 0.2–20.1 | 1014 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 79.4 |
1978 | 9.8 | 0.8–18.9 | 758 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 73.8 |
1979 | 11.0 | −1.1–20.9 | 792 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 36.8 |
1980 | 9.6 | −1.5–20.0 | 931 | −8.92 | 12 | −62.65 | 12 | 8.86 | 12 | 39.5 |
1981 | 11.6 | −0.8–21.2 | 871 | −9.44 | 12 | −67.32 | 12 | 8.20 | 12 | 38.3 |
1982 | 11.7 | −0.9–22.2 | 805 | −8.31 | 10, 97 | −59.21 | 10, 97 | 7.27 | 10, 97 | 25.1 |
1983 | 12.1 | 0.7–23.8 | 755 | −9.07 | 12 | −65.22 | 12 | 7.35 | 12 | 25.8 |
1984 | 10.9 | 1.3–19.9 | 897 | −9.25 | 12 | −64.24 | 12 | 9.75 | 12 | 20.6 |
1985 | 11.0 | −3.4–22.0 | 800 | −9.12 | 12 | −66.85 | 12 | 8.84 | 12 | 18.4 |
1986 | 11.1 | −2.1–21.8 | 786 | −8.96 | 12 | −64.45 | 12 | 7.20 | 12 | 19.3 |
1987 | 11.4 | −1.8–23.2 | 816 | −9.21 | 12 | −64.64 | 12 | 9.04 | 12 | 23.2 |
1988 | 11.9 | 2.6–23.3 | 749 | −7.29 | 10, 81 | −55.17 | 11, 86 | 6.90 | 10, 81 | 17.8 |
1989 | 12.0 | 0.1–21.8 | 957 | −6.54 | 11, 95 | −43.23 | 11, 89 | 8.46 | 10, 84 | 23.2 |
1990 | 12.5 | 1.1–22.2 | 694 | −7.81 | 12 | −56.12 | 12 | 6.44 | 12 | 16.1 |
1991 | 11.4 | 0.2–23.0 | 787 | −8.37 | 12 | −61.94 | 12 | 5.06 | 12 | 14.5 |
1992 | 13.0 | 2.3–25.8 | 808 | −8.96 | 11, 99 | −63.54 | 11, 99 | 8.11 | 11, 99 | 11.1 |
1993 | 12.1 | 2.3–22.3 | 928 | −8.48 | 10, 97 | −58.22 | 10, 97 | 9.65 | 10, 97 | 17.3 |
1994 | 13.2 | 3.3–23.9 | 962 | −7.20 | 12 | −48.02 | 12 | 9.59 | 12 | – |
1995 | 12.0 | 1.8–23.8 | 962 | −9.15 | 11, 99 | −62.49 | 11, 99 | 10.74 | 11, 99 | 11.9 |
1996 | 11.0 | −0.3–21.1 | 959 | −8.30 | 12 | −52.46 | 10, 90 | 6.79 | 10, 90 | 10.5 |
1997 | 12.2 | −0.3–21.7 | 723 | −8.02 | 11, 92 | −56.33 | 11, 92 | 7.85 | 11, 92 | 9.7 |
1998 | 12.4 | −1.5–22.5 | 1000 | −6.87 | 10, 93 | −47.38 | 10, 81 | 7.21 | 10, 81 | 9.1 |
1999 | 12.5 | 1.7–22.4 | 997 | −8.55 | 12 | −64.53 | 12 | 3.89 | 12 | 8.8 |
2000 | 13.8 | −0.2–24.4 | 725 | −5.54 | 10, 85 | −39.68 | 9, 81 | 2.28 | 9, 81 | 9.2 |
2001 | 12.7 | −0.7–23.6 | 813 | −7.97 | 12 | −56.68 | 12 | 7.10 | 12 | 9.5 |
2002 | 13.2 | 2.2–22.5 | 1064 | −8.21 | 12 | −56.03 | 12 | 9.65 | 12 | 8.6 |
2003 | 12.9 | −0.1–25.8 | 623 | −7.74 | 10, 95 | −55.29 | 12 | 9.56 | 10, 95 | 7.3 |
2004 | 12.0 | 0.8–21.7 | 993 | −8.12 | 12 | −60.99 | 12 | 8.41 | 12 | 5.4 |
2005 | 11.7 | −0.1–22.1 | 988 | −9.22 | 12 | −64.38 | 12 | 9.40 | 12 | 9.7 |
2006 | 12.7 | −0.1–24.6 | 754 | −8.23 | 12 | −58.10 | 12 | 7.76 | 12 | 8.5 |
2007 | 13.6 | 1.4–23.8 | 896 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9.5 |
2008 | 13.4 | 3.8–22.8 | 769 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9.1 |
2009 | 13.4 | 0.0–23.6 | 795 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9.5 |
2010 | 12.2 | 0.3–24.1 | 1155 | −9.67 | 12 | −68.6 | 12 | 8.76 | 12 | 7.9 |
2011 | 13.2 | 2.9–24.3 | 521 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9.4 |
2012 | 13.7 | −0.2–25.4 | 813 | −6.33 | 9, 77 | −45.22 | 9, 77 | 5.41 | 9, 77 | 6.7 |
2013 | 12.9 | 2.4–24.5 | 1092 | −8.77 | 9, 94 | −61.82 | 9, 94 | 8.37 | 9, 94 | 8.5 |
2014 | 13.8 | 5.4–22.4 | 1234 | −7.69 | 12 | −53.64 | 12 | 7.90 | 12 | 7.4 |
2015 | 13.7 | 3.6–25.4 | 824 | −7.81 | 10, 92 | −55.35 | 10, 92 | 7.16 | 10, 92 | 7.9 |
2016 | 13.1 | 1.0–24.2 | 854 | −8.54 | 11, 99 | −61.00 | 11, 99 | 7.30 | 11, 99 | 7.3 |
2017 | 13.6 | −2.3–25.0 | 889 | −7.44 | 11, 95 | −50.40 | 11, 95 | 9.14 | 11, 95 | 6.8 |
2018 | 14.1 | 0.9–25.0 | 827 | −9.27 | 12 | −63.85 | 12 | 10.33 | 12 | 8.7 |
Period | T (°C) | P (mm) | δ18Ow.m. (‰) | δ2Hw.m. (‰) | dw.m. (‰) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980–1985 | 11.2 ± 0.9 | 843 ± 67 | −9.0 ± 0.4 | −64.2 ± 3.0 | 8.4 ± 0.9 |
1986–1995 | 12.1 ± 0.7 | 845 ± 98 | −8.2 ± 0.9 | −57.8 ± 7.3 | 8.1 ± 1.7 |
1996–2006 | 12.5 ± 0.8 | 876 ± 150 | −7.9 ± 1.0 | −55.6 ± 7.2 | 7.3 ± 2.3 |
2012–2018 | 13.5 ± 0.4 | 933 ± 164 | −8.0 ± 1.0 | −55.9 ± 6.8 | 7.9 ± 1.6 |
Period | Method | a | b | n | r or r2 | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980–1996 | OLSR | 7.9 ± 0.1 | 7.9 ± 0.1 | 194 | r = 0.985 | [62] |
1980–1995 Zagreb | OLSR | 7.91 ± 0.09 | 7.33 ± 0.83 | 182 | r2 = 0.98 | [27] |
RMA | 8.00 ± 0.09 | 8.13 ± 0.83 | 182 | r2 = 0.98 | ||
PWLSR | 7.88 ± 0.09 | 7.52 ± 0.82 | 182 | r2 = 0.95 | ||
1996–2003 Zagreb–Grič | OLSR | 7.32 ± 0.17 | 0.68 ± 1.57 | 89 | r2 = 0.95 | [27] |
RMA | 7.50 ± 0.17 | 2.16 ± 1.55 | 89 | r2 = 0.95 | ||
PWLSR | 7.22 ± 0.16 | 0.50 ± 1.39 | 89 | r2 = 0.96 | ||
1980–2003 | OLSR | 7.8 ± 0.1 | 5.7 ± 0.8 | 271 | r = 0.98 | [47] |
2001–2003 | OLSR | 7.3 ± 0.2 | 2.8 + 1.8 | 37 | r = 0.99 | [47] |
rmSSEav | ||||||
1980–2018 | OLSR | 7.65 ± 0.06 | 4.79 ± 0.55 | 389 | 1.0047 | This work |
RMA | 7.74 ± 0.06 | 5.57 ± 0.55 | 389 | 1.0019 | ||
MA | 7.83 ± 0.06 | 6.36 ± 0.56 | 389 | 1.0047 | ||
PWLSR | 7.64 ± 0.06 | 5.24 ± 0.54 | 389 | 1.0060 | ||
PWRMA | 7.73 ± 0.06 | 6.00 ± 0.54 | 389 | 1.0019 | ||
PWMA | 7.82 ± 0.06 | 6.76 ± 0.55 | 389 | 1.0035 | ||
1980–1985 | OLSR | 7.92 ± 0.14 | 7.45 ± 1.35 | 70 | 1.0044 | This work |
RMA | 8.00 ± 0.14 | 8.23 ± 1.33 | 70 | 1.0018 | ||
MA | 8.09 ± 0.14 | 9.00 ± 1.36 | 70 | 1.0044 | ||
PWLSR | 7.87 ± 0.14 | 7.26 ± 1.36 | 70 | 1.0075 | ||
PWRMA | 7.96 ± 0.14 | 8.07 ± 1.36 | 70 | 1.0018 | ||
PWMA | 8.05 ± 0.15 | 8.86 ± 1.38 | 70 | 1.0018 | ||
1986–1995 | OLSR | 7.94 ± 0.11 | 7.46 ± 1.03 | 112 | 1.0045 | This work |
RMA | 8.03 ± 0.11 | 8.22 ± 1.02 | 112 | 1.0018 | ||
MA | 8.11 ± 0.11 | 8.96 ± 1.04 | 112 | 1.0044 | ||
PWLSR | 7.90 ± 0.12 | 7.73 ± 1.03 | 112 | 1.0093 | ||
PWRMA | 7.99 ± 0.12 | 8.51 ± 1.03 | 112 | 1.0024 | ||
PWMA | 8.08 ± 0.12 | 9.28 ± 1.04 | 112 | 1.0016 | ||
1996–2006 | OLSR | 7.43 ± 0.11 | 2.59 ± 0.97 | 121 | 1.0048 | This work |
RMA | 7.52 ± 0.10 | 3.35 ± 0.96 | 121 | 1.0019 | ||
MA | 7.60 ± 0.11 | 4.08 ± 0.98 | 121 | 1.0047 | ||
PWLSR | 7.38 ± 0.11 | 2.68 ± 0.95 | 121 | 1.0095 | ||
PWRMA | 7.47 ± 0.11 | 3.44 ± 0.95 | 121 | 1.0024 | ||
PWMA | 7.56 ± 0.11 | 4.19 ± 0.96 | 121 | 1.0018 | ||
2012–2018 | OLSR | 7.52 ± 0.13 | 3.56 ± 1.17 | 74 | 1.0043 | This work |
RMA | 7.60 ± 0.13 | 4.24 ± 1.16 | 74 | 1.0017 | ||
MA | 7.68 ± 0.13 | 4.90 ± 1.19 | 74 | 1.0043 | ||
PWLSR | 7.61 ± 0.12 | 5.16 ± 1.09 | 74 | 1.0008 | ||
PWRMA | 7.68 ± 0.12 | 5.74 ± 1.09 | 74 | 1.0029 | ||
PWMA | 7.75 ± 0.12 | 6.32 ± 1.10 | 74 | 1.0084 |
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Krajcar Bronić, I.; Barešić, J.; Borković, D.; Sironić, A.; Mikelić, I.L.; Vreča, P. Long-Term Isotope Records of Precipitation in Zagreb, Croatia. Water 2020, 12, 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010226
Krajcar Bronić I, Barešić J, Borković D, Sironić A, Mikelić IL, Vreča P. Long-Term Isotope Records of Precipitation in Zagreb, Croatia. Water. 2020; 12(1):226. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010226
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrajcar Bronić, Ines, Jadranka Barešić, Damir Borković, Andreja Sironić, Ivanka Lovrenčić Mikelić, and Polona Vreča. 2020. "Long-Term Isotope Records of Precipitation in Zagreb, Croatia" Water 12, no. 1: 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010226