Next Article in Journal
Ground-Level Ozone Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes Incidence: An Ecological Study of Environmental and Social Determinants
Previous Article in Journal
Diurnal Variations in Greenspace Cooling Efficiency and Their Non-Linear Responses to Meteorological Change: Hourly Analysis of Air Temperature in Changsha, China
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Atmosphere
Volume 16
Issue 5
10.3390/atmos16050529
atmosphere-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Global Response of Vertical Total Electron Content to Mother’s Day G5 Geomagnetic Storm of May 2024: Insights from IGS and GIM Observations

by
Sanjoy Kumar Pal
1,2,
Soumen Sarkar
1,3,
Kousik Nanda
1,4,
Aritra Sanyal
1,
Bhuvnesh Brawar
5,
Abhirup Datta
5,
Stelios M. Potirakis
6,7,*,
Ajeet K. Maurya
8,
Arnab Bhattacharya
1,
Pradipta Panchadhyayee
1,4,
Saibal Ray
9 and
Sudipta Sasmal
1,6,*
1
Institute of Astronomy Space and Earth Science, P 177, CIT Road, Scheme 7m, Kolkata 700054, India
2
Anandapur High School, Anandapur 741249, India
3
Karui P.C. High School, Hooghly 712615, India
4
Department of Physics (UG & PG), Prabhat Kumar College, Contai 721401, India
5
Department of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
6
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ancient Olive Grove Campus, University of West Attica, 12244 Egaleo, Greece
7
Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, Metaxa and Vasileos Pavlou, Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
8
Department of Physics, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India
9
Centre for Cosmology, Astrophysics and Space Science (CCASS), GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Atmosphere 2025, 16(5), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050529
Submission received: 30 March 2025 / Revised: 22 April 2025 / Accepted: 27 April 2025 / Published: 30 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Upper Atmosphere)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The G5 geomagnetic storm of May 2024 provided a significant opportunity to investigate global ionospheric disturbances using vertical total electron content (VTEC) data derived from 422 GNSS-IGS stations and GIM. This study presents a comprehensive spatio-temporal analysis of VTEC modulation before, during, and after the storm, focusing on hemispheric asymmetries and longitudinal variations. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the spatial and temporal modulation of VTEC under extreme geomagnetic conditions, assess the hemispheric asymmetry and longitudinal disruptions, and evaluate the influence of geomagnetic indices on storm-time ionospheric variability. The indices examined reveal intense geomagnetic activity, with the dst index plunging to −412 nT, the Kp index reaching 9, and significant fluctuations in the auroral electrojet indices (AE, AL, AU), all indicative of severe space weather conditions. The results highlight storm-induced hemispheric asymmetries, with positive storm effects (VTEC enhancement) in the Northern Hemisphere and negative storm effects (VTEC depletion) in the Southern Hemisphere. These anomalies are primarily attributed to penetration electric fields, neutral wind effects, and composition changes in the ionosphere. The storm’s peak impact on DoY 132 exhibited maximum disturbances at ±90° and ±180° longitudes, emphasizing the role of geomagnetic forces in plasma redistribution. Longitudinal gradients were strongly amplified, disrupting the usual equatorial ionization anomaly structure. Post-storm recovery on DoY 136 demonstrated a gradual return to equilibrium, although lingering effects persisted at mid- and high latitudes. These findings are crucial for understanding space weather-induced ionospheric perturbations, directly impacting GNSS-based navigation, communication systems, and space weather forecasting.
Keywords: Mother’s Day Storm; temporal variation in VTEC; global VTEC anomalies; global ionospheric map analysis; GIM Mother’s Day Storm; temporal variation in VTEC; global VTEC anomalies; global ionospheric map analysis; GIM

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Pal, S.K.; Sarkar, S.; Nanda, K.; Sanyal, A.; Brawar, B.; Datta, A.; Potirakis, S.M.; Maurya, A.K.; Bhattacharya, A.; Panchadhyayee, P.; et al. Global Response of Vertical Total Electron Content to Mother’s Day G5 Geomagnetic Storm of May 2024: Insights from IGS and GIM Observations. Atmosphere 2025, 16, 529. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050529

AMA Style

Pal SK, Sarkar S, Nanda K, Sanyal A, Brawar B, Datta A, Potirakis SM, Maurya AK, Bhattacharya A, Panchadhyayee P, et al. Global Response of Vertical Total Electron Content to Mother’s Day G5 Geomagnetic Storm of May 2024: Insights from IGS and GIM Observations. Atmosphere. 2025; 16(5):529. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050529

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pal, Sanjoy Kumar, Soumen Sarkar, Kousik Nanda, Aritra Sanyal, Bhuvnesh Brawar, Abhirup Datta, Stelios M. Potirakis, Ajeet K. Maurya, Arnab Bhattacharya, Pradipta Panchadhyayee, and et al. 2025. "Global Response of Vertical Total Electron Content to Mother’s Day G5 Geomagnetic Storm of May 2024: Insights from IGS and GIM Observations" Atmosphere 16, no. 5: 529. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050529

APA Style

Pal, S. K., Sarkar, S., Nanda, K., Sanyal, A., Brawar, B., Datta, A., Potirakis, S. M., Maurya, A. K., Bhattacharya, A., Panchadhyayee, P., Ray, S., & Sasmal, S. (2025). Global Response of Vertical Total Electron Content to Mother’s Day G5 Geomagnetic Storm of May 2024: Insights from IGS and GIM Observations. Atmosphere, 16(5), 529. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050529

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop