The Role of Industrial Structure Upgrading in Moderating the Impact of Environmental Regulation on Air Pollution: Evidence from China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Analysis and Research Hypothesis
3. Methods
3.1. Model Specifications
3.2. Dependent Variables
3.3. Independent Variables
3.4. Moderate Variables
3.5. Control Variables
3.6. Data Resource
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Analyses
4.2. PVAR Results
4.3. Moderating Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and Implication
7. Limitation
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Measure | Unit | Mean | Standard Deviation | Min | Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | Pollution | SO2 emissions (ten thousand tons) | Ten thousand tons | 50.06 | 39.68 | 0.09 | 171.50 |
Independent variable | Regulation | The tax of SO2 | Yuan/kg | 1.360 | 1.740 | 0.420 | 12.00 |
Control variable | Development | GDP per capita | Ten thousand yuan | 4.265 | 2.840 | 0.422 | 16.48 |
Innovation | The number of patents granted | Ten thousand piece | 3.782 | 7.274 | 0.007 | 70.97 | |
Urban | The proportion of urban resident population in the total permanent resident population | % | 54.00 | 14.00 | 25.00 | 98.00 | |
Open | The ratio of the total value of imports and exports to local GDP | % | 30.0. | 36.00 | 1.00 | 170.00 | |
Invest | The ratio of total fixed asset investment to local GDP | - | 0.0100 | 0.0100 | 0 | 0.0900 | |
Energy | The ratio of actual energy use to local GDP | Tons of standard coal per ten thousand yuan | 0.990 | 0.650 | 0.190 | 4.190 | |
Moderating variable | TS | The ratio of tertiary industry output value to secondary industry output value | - | 1.150 | 0.600 | 0.530 | 5.300 |
Variables | Pollution | Regulation | TS | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | 95% CI | p > |z| | Coefficient | 95% CI | p > |z| | Coefficient | 95% CI | p > |z| | |
L.h_pollution | 1.067 | (0.944, 1.190) | 0.000 | −0.009 | (−0.020, 0.001) | 0.100 | −0.001 | (−0.003, 0.000) | 0.078 |
L2.h_pollution | −0.129 | (−0.253, −0.006) | 0.039 | 0.005 | (−0.007, 0.018) | 0.389 | 0.001 | (−0.000, 0.002) | 0.143 |
L.h_regulation | −0.498 | (−3.193, 2.196) | 0.076 | 1.126 | (0.408, 1.844) | 0.002 | 0.083 | (−0.004, 0.171) | 0.062 |
L2.h_regulation | 1.721 | (−0.177, 3.619) | 0.060 | 0.151 | (−0.063, 0.366) | 0.168 | −0.009 | (−0.040, 0.022) | 0.571 |
L.h_TS | −32.527 | (−58.82, −6.226) | 0.015 | −1.725 | (−4.757, 1.306) | 0.265 | 0.778 | (0.236, 1.319) | 0.005 |
L2.h_TS | 25.345 | (11.63, 39.05) | 0.000 | −0.147 | (−1.185, 0.890) | 0.781 | −0.190 | (−0.312, −0.068) | 0.002 |
Observations | 420 | 420 | 420 |
Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variable | Pollution | 95% CI | p Value | Pollution | 95% CI | p Value | Pollution | 95% CI | p Value | |
Independent variable | regulation | −0.520 | −0.733, −0.308 | 0.000 | −0.479 | −0.683, −0.275 | 0.000 | −0.246 | −0.440, −0.051 | 0.013 |
Control variable | development | −0.058 | −0.293, 0.175 | 0.612 | −0.041 | −0.274, 0.190 | 0.715 | 0.027 | −0.119, 0.173 | 0.718 |
Innovation | −0.040 | −0.097, 0.016 | 0.156 | −0.038 | −0.096 0.018 | 0.179 | −0.005 | −0.048, 0.037 | 0.803 | |
Urban | 0.369 | −0.542, 1.281 | 0.414 | 0.319 | −0.095, 2.911 | 0.476 | −0.039 | −0.440, 0.650 | 0.706 | |
open | −0.035 | −0.114, 0.044 | 0.371 | −0.028 | −0.110, −0.053 | 0.488 | −0.039 | −0.108, −0.028 | 0.257 | |
invest | 0.127 | 0.012, 0.243 | 0.032 | 0.123 | 0.006, 0.239 | 0.039 | 0.158 | 0.028, 0.287 | 0.372 | |
energy | 0.285 | −0.180, 0.752 | 0.221 | 0.325 | 0.179, 0.830 | 0.198 | 0.297 | −0.093, 0.688 | 0.136 | |
Moderating variable | TS | −0.363 | −0.826, 0.100 | 0.120 | −0.4680 | −0.929, 0.007 | 0.142 | |||
C_regulation*C_TS | −0.349 | −0.493, −0.205 | 0.000 | |||||||
_cons | 14.204 | 4.789, 16.098 | 0.001 | 10.693 | 4.827, 16.558 | 0.001 | 9.508 | −3.303, −1.264 | 0.000 | |
N | 510 | 510 | 510 | |||||||
r2_a | 0.907 | 0.907 | 0.913 | |||||||
Prob > F | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
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Liu, Y.; Xie, C.-N.; Wang, Z.-S.; Rebai, N.-E.H.; Lai, X.-M. The Role of Industrial Structure Upgrading in Moderating the Impact of Environmental Regulation on Air Pollution: Evidence from China. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14101537
Liu Y, Xie C-N, Wang Z-S, Rebai N-EH, Lai X-M. The Role of Industrial Structure Upgrading in Moderating the Impact of Environmental Regulation on Air Pollution: Evidence from China. Atmosphere. 2023; 14(10):1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14101537
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yu, Chun-Ni Xie, Zi-Shuang Wang, Noure-El Houda Rebai, and Xiao-Min Lai. 2023. "The Role of Industrial Structure Upgrading in Moderating the Impact of Environmental Regulation on Air Pollution: Evidence from China" Atmosphere 14, no. 10: 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14101537
APA StyleLiu, Y., Xie, C. -N., Wang, Z. -S., Rebai, N. -E. H., & Lai, X. -M. (2023). The Role of Industrial Structure Upgrading in Moderating the Impact of Environmental Regulation on Air Pollution: Evidence from China. Atmosphere, 14(10), 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14101537