Figure 1.
Graphic representation of the experimental procedures and main results. * The F1 chickens of control, maternal and paternal groups were all fed normal diet. DE: differentially expressed.
Figure 1.
Graphic representation of the experimental procedures and main results. * The F1 chickens of control, maternal and paternal groups were all fed normal diet. DE: differentially expressed.
Figure 2.
Generation of three cross breeds to examine the inheritance of fatty liver. The control group (left) using JXH chickens fed with the basal diet, maternal inheritance group (middle) and paternal inheritance group (right) using JXH chickens with HF diet-induced fatty liver. Chickens from F0 with fatty liver are shown in red while those without fatty liver are in black. ♂ and ♀ represent the cock and the hen, respectively.
Figure 2.
Generation of three cross breeds to examine the inheritance of fatty liver. The control group (left) using JXH chickens fed with the basal diet, maternal inheritance group (middle) and paternal inheritance group (right) using JXH chickens with HF diet-induced fatty liver. Chickens from F0 with fatty liver are shown in red while those without fatty liver are in black. ♂ and ♀ represent the cock and the hen, respectively.
Figure 3.
Typical features of fatty liver in terms of gross appearance and sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin(H&E) or oil red O (20×). The fatty liver appears yellow or light yellow and the edge of the liver is blunt and friable (a). Enlarged liver cells with abundant fat droplets of different sizes are present in the cytoplasm and liver leaflets lost the normal reticular formation (c,e). In comparison, the non-fatty liver was dark red with sharp edges, the texture was flexible and there were less fat droplets and clear reticular formations in liver leaflets (b,d,f). (a,c,e) were from one JXH chicken with HF diet; (b,d,f) from one JXH chicken with basal diet. Scale bar: 100 μm.
Figure 3.
Typical features of fatty liver in terms of gross appearance and sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin(H&E) or oil red O (20×). The fatty liver appears yellow or light yellow and the edge of the liver is blunt and friable (a). Enlarged liver cells with abundant fat droplets of different sizes are present in the cytoplasm and liver leaflets lost the normal reticular formation (c,e). In comparison, the non-fatty liver was dark red with sharp edges, the texture was flexible and there were less fat droplets and clear reticular formations in liver leaflets (b,d,f). (a,c,e) were from one JXH chicken with HF diet; (b,d,f) from one JXH chicken with basal diet. Scale bar: 100 μm.
Figure 4.
Typical H&E and oil red O stained liver sections (20×) from F1 generation of JXH chicken with or without fatty liver, paternal group (a,c); control group (b,d). Scale bar: 100 μm.
Figure 4.
Typical H&E and oil red O stained liver sections (20×) from F1 generation of JXH chicken with or without fatty liver, paternal group (a,c); control group (b,d). Scale bar: 100 μm.
Figure 5.
Serum lipid indices of all F1 JXH chickens in the control (C, n = 105), maternal (M, n = 80) and paternal (P, n = 82) groups. TG: triglyceride, CHOL: total cholesterol, LDL-CHOL: low-density lipoprotein, HDL-CHOL: high-density lipoprotein. * indicates p < 0.05 and ** indicates p < 0.01.
Figure 5.
Serum lipid indices of all F1 JXH chickens in the control (C, n = 105), maternal (M, n = 80) and paternal (P, n = 82) groups. TG: triglyceride, CHOL: total cholesterol, LDL-CHOL: low-density lipoprotein, HDL-CHOL: high-density lipoprotein. * indicates p < 0.05 and ** indicates p < 0.01.
Figure 6.
Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Red, green and blue points represent significantly upregulated, downregulated and non-regulated genes, respectively. The abscissa is the fold change of the genes in different samples, ordinate is the variation difference of the gene expression with statistical significance. FL: paternal inheritance group, C: control group.
Figure 6.
Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Red, green and blue points represent significantly upregulated, downregulated and non-regulated genes, respectively. The abscissa is the fold change of the genes in different samples, ordinate is the variation difference of the gene expression with statistical significance. FL: paternal inheritance group, C: control group.
Figure 7.
The most enriched gene ontology (GO) terms for the differentially expressed genes.
Figure 7.
The most enriched gene ontology (GO) terms for the differentially expressed genes.
Figure 8.
The pathway enrichment analyses for the DEGs.
Figure 8.
The pathway enrichment analyses for the DEGs.
Figure 9.
Fold changes of fatty acid metabolism genes (ACC, FASN, SCD, FADS2) and lipid metabolism gene (FABP1) expression levels between P (paternal inheritance group) and C (control group) in F0 and F1 generations. ** indicates p < 0.01.
Figure 9.
Fold changes of fatty acid metabolism genes (ACC, FASN, SCD, FADS2) and lipid metabolism gene (FABP1) expression levels between P (paternal inheritance group) and C (control group) in F0 and F1 generations. ** indicates p < 0.01.
Figure 10.
Fold changes of fatty acid metabolism gene (ACSL5), lipid metabolism gene (APOA4) and glucose metabolism gene (ME1) expression levels between P (paternal inheritance group) and C (control group) in the F0 and F1 generations. * indicates p < 0.05 and ** indicates p < 0.01.
Figure 10.
Fold changes of fatty acid metabolism gene (ACSL5), lipid metabolism gene (APOA4) and glucose metabolism gene (ME1) expression levels between P (paternal inheritance group) and C (control group) in the F0 and F1 generations. * indicates p < 0.05 and ** indicates p < 0.01.
Figure 11.
Fold change of glucose metabolism gene, ISR4, expression level between P (paternal inheritance group) and C (control group) in the F0 and F1 generations. * indicates p < 0.05.
Figure 11.
Fold change of glucose metabolism gene, ISR4, expression level between P (paternal inheritance group) and C (control group) in the F0 and F1 generations. * indicates p < 0.05.
Table 1.
Composition and nutrient levels of the diets (air-dry basis) %.
Table 1.
Composition and nutrient levels of the diets (air-dry basis) %.
Items | Basal Diet | HF Diet | MCD Diet |
---|
Ingredients | | | |
Corn | 70.10 | 62.59 | 70.10 |
Soybean meal | 22.60 | 20.11 | 22.60 |
DL-methionion | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0 |
L-lysine | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
CaHPO4·2H2O | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 |
NaCl | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 |
Limestone | 4.30 | 4.30 | 4.47 |
1% premix 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Sheep fat | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Nutrient levels 2 | | | |
GE 3, MJ/kg 4 | 18.29 | 20.32 | 18.09 |
CP 5 | 15.93 | 14.59 | 15.43 |
Lys | 0.79 | 0.74 | 0.80 |
Met | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.18 |
Ca 6 | 7.24 | 5.76 | 8.79 |
TP 7 | 0.47 | 0.40 | 0.44 |
Choline, mg/kg | 1022 | 886 | 613 |
Table 2.
The diets for Jingxing-Huang (JXH) chicken in F0 and F1 generations.
Table 2.
The diets for Jingxing-Huang (JXH) chicken in F0 and F1 generations.
Items | 1–17 Week | 18–36 Week |
---|
Control | Maternal | Paternal | Control | Maternal | Paternal |
---|
F0 | Basal diet | Basal diet | HF diet | HF diet |
F1 | Basal diet |
Table 3.
Genes and related primers for quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis.
Table 3.
Genes and related primers for quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis.
Gene | Accession Number | Primer Sequence | Annealing Temperature, °C | Product Size (bp) |
---|
ACACA | NM_205505.1 | F:5′-AATGGCAGCTTTGGAGGTGT-3′ | 60 | 136 |
R:5′-TCTGTTTGGGTGGGAGGTG-3′ |
FASN | NM_205155.2 | F:5′-CTATCGACACAGCCTGCTCCT-3′ | 62 | 107 |
R:5′-CAGAATGTTGACCCCTCCTACC-3′ |
ISR4 | XM_003641084.3 | F:5′-GCAAGAAGGGAGTGGAAGGTA-3′ | 62 | 121 |
R:5′-GCTGGAAGAAACGCTGATAGG-3′ |
ME1 | NM_204303.1 | F:5′-GCCAGCATTACGGTTTAGCAT-3′ | 58.5 | 90 |
R:5′-CCATAACAGCCAAGGTCTCCA-3′ |
SCD | NM_204890.1 | F:5′-GGCTGACAAAGTGGTGATG-3′ | 60 | 137 |
R:5′-GGATGGCTGGAATGAAGA-3′ |
ACSL5 | NM_001031237.1 | F:5′-TTCTCACCGCTCCCAACAC-3′ | 60 | 147 |
F:5′-TCTTCTGGCTCCTCCCTCAA-3′ |
FADS2 | NM_001160428.2 | F:5′-CTGAGGAAGACAGCAGAGGACAT-3′ | 60 | 153 |
R:5′-GCAGGCAAGGATTAGAGTTGTG-3′ |
FABP1 | NM_204192.3 | F:5′-GGGGAAGAGTGTGAGATGGA-3′ | 58 | 120 |
R:5′-GTTGAGTTCGGTCACGGATT-3′ |
APOA4 | NM_204938.2 | F:5′-TCCTCTTGGTGCTCCTGGCTGTG-3′ | 61 | 197 |
R:5′-GGCGTATGAGTTTGCGCTCTGC-3′ |
β-actin | NM_205518.1 | R:5′-GAGAAATTGTGCGTGACATCA-3′ | 60 | 152 |
R:5′-CCTGAACCTCTCATTGCCA-3′ |
Table 4.
Results of the evaluation of the fatty liver incidence in three breeds after induction by two diets.
Table 4.
Results of the evaluation of the fatty liver incidence in three breeds after induction by two diets.
Diet Type | Breed |
---|
JXH | WL | BJY |
---|
Basal diet | 25.00%, 8/32 | 16.67%, 5/30 | 16.67%, 5/30 |
HF diet | 41.94%, 13/31 | 33.33%, 10/30 | 33.33%, 10/30 |
MCD diet | 38.71%, 12/31 | 16.67%, 5/30 | 33.33%, 10/30 |
Table 5.
The incidence of fatty liver in F1 generation of JXH chickens.
Table 5.
The incidence of fatty liver in F1 generation of JXH chickens.
Items | Control | Maternal Inheritance | Paternal Inheritance |
---|
No. of chicken observed | 80 | 105 | 82 |
Rate for the fatty liver incidence | 18.75% | 20.00% | 41.50% |
Table 6.
The output quality data of the transcriptomic sequencing.
Table 6.
The output quality data of the transcriptomic sequencing.
Sample | Raw Reads | Clean Reads | Clean Bases, G | Q30, % |
---|
P_R1 | 28,754,076 | 27,836,516 | 4.18 | 92.40 |
P_R2 | 27,305,304 | 26,376,696 | 3.96 | 91.81 |
P_R3 | 27,879,606 | 27,252,200 | 4.09 | 93.24 |
C_R1 | 28,237,546 | 27,601,240 | 4.14 | 93.23 |
C_R2 | 26,136,280 | 25,521,394 | 3.83 | 92.95 |
C_R3 | 24,399,658 | 23,784,022 | 3.57 | 92.47 |