Three-dimensional Organization of Polytene Chromosomes in Somatic and Germline Tissues of Malaria Mosquitoes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Mosquito Species and Strains
2.2. Isolation of Tissues
2.3. Design of Oligonucleotide Probes
2.4. Labeling of Oligonucleotides
2.5. FISH with Oligopaints
2.6. Whole-Mount Immunostaining
2.7. Confocal Microscopy
2.8. Processing and Analysis of Images
2.9. Statistical Analyses of Data
3. Results
3.1. Development of A Workflow to Characterize Oligopainted Chromosome Territories in Anopheles
3.2. The Volume and Shape of Chromosome Territories in Anopheles
3.3. Polarization of Chromosome Territories Indicate A Rabl-like Configuration in Germline and Soma
3.4. Contacts of Chromosome Territories with the Nuclear Envelope in Malaria Mosquitoes
3.5. Chromosome–Chromosome Contacts in Malaria Mosquitoes
3.6. An Inverse Relationship between Chromosome–Nuclear Envelope and Chromosome–Chromosome Contacts
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chromosome Arm | Length of the Chromosome | Total Number of Probes | Number of 10-kb Windows | Average Probe Density/kb | Average Number of Signals/Arm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | 24.4 Mb | 2863 | 25 | 11.5 | 20 |
2L | 49.4 Mb | 6843 | 50 | 13.7 | 42 |
3R | 53.2 Mb | 7799 | 54 | 14.4 | 39 |
3L | 42.0 Mb | 5973 | 42 | 13.3 | 34 |
Species and Tissue | 2L/X | 3R/X | 3L/X | Average Autosome/X |
---|---|---|---|---|
An. coluzzii salivary glands | 4.28 | 4.90 | 2.98 | 4.05 |
An. coluzzii nurse cells | 3.67 | 2.81 | 2.75 | 3.08 |
An. gambiae salivary glands | 3.44 | 3.99 | 3.90 | 3.78 |
An. gambiae nurse cells | 3.13 | 2.68 | 2.81 | 2.87 |
An. merus salivary glands | 5.67 | 6.02 | 4.67 | 5.45 |
An. merus nurse cells | 6.41 | 4.74 | 3.13 | 4.76 |
Species and Tissue | X | 2L | 3R | 3L |
---|---|---|---|---|
An. coluzzii salivary glands | 3.81 | 2.87 | 2.95 | 3.09 |
An. coluzzii nurse cells | 3.47 | 2.54 | 2.28 | 2.47 |
An. gambiae salivary glands | 3.64 | 3.47 | 3.66 | 3.78 |
An. gambiae nurse cells | 3.37 | 3.07 | 2.69 | 3.27 |
An. merus salivary glands | 3.59 | 2.62 | 2.90 | 2.68 |
An. merus nurse cells | 3.27 | 2.75 | 2.73 | 2.89 |
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George, P.; Kinney, N.A.; Liang, J.; Onufriev, A.V.; Sharakhov, I.V. Three-dimensional Organization of Polytene Chromosomes in Somatic and Germline Tissues of Malaria Mosquitoes. Cells 2020, 9, 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9020339
George P, Kinney NA, Liang J, Onufriev AV, Sharakhov IV. Three-dimensional Organization of Polytene Chromosomes in Somatic and Germline Tissues of Malaria Mosquitoes. Cells. 2020; 9(2):339. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9020339
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeorge, Phillip, Nicholas A. Kinney, Jiangtao Liang, Alexey V. Onufriev, and Igor V. Sharakhov. 2020. "Three-dimensional Organization of Polytene Chromosomes in Somatic and Germline Tissues of Malaria Mosquitoes" Cells 9, no. 2: 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9020339