Astrocytes Maintain Glutamate Homeostasis in the CNS by Controlling the Balance between Glutamate Uptake and Release
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Glutamate Uptake in the CNS
2.1. Glutamate Uptake Transporters
2.1.1. Na+-Independent Glutamate Uptake Transporters
2.1.2. Na+-Dependent Glutamate Uptake Transporters
2.2. Expression Profile of EAAT-1 and EAAT-2
2.3. EAAT-2 and EAAT-1 in Astrocytes Play the Major Role in Glutamate Uptake in the CNS
2.4. Mechanism of Glutamate Uptake by EAATs
2.5. Metabolism of Glutamate in Astrocytes
2.6. EAAT-1 and EAAT-2 Regulation of Expression
2.6.1. Transcriptional and Translational Modifications
2.6.2. Post-Translational Modifications and Regulation of the Transporter Activity
3. Glutamate Release by Astrocytes
3.1. Physiological Role of Astroglial Glutamate Release
3.2. Mechanisms of Glutamate Release by Astrocytes
3.2.1. Ca2+-Mediated Exocytosis
3.2.2. Bestrophin-1 and TREK-1 Channel-Mediated Glutamate Release.
3.2.3. Glutamate Release through P2X7 Receptors
3.2.4. Cystine/Glutamate Antiporters
3.2.5. Reversal of Glutamate Uptake Transporters
3.2.6. Gap Junction Hemichannels
3.2.7. Volume-Regulated Anion Channels (VRACs)
3.3. An Issue of Debate Shrouds Astroglial Glutamate Release
4. Dysregulation of Astrocytic Glutamate Uptake and/or Release Leads to CNS Disorders
5. Mechanism of Glutamate Excitotoxicity
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mahmoud, S.; Gharagozloo, M.; Simard, C.; Gris, D. Astrocytes Maintain Glutamate Homeostasis in the CNS by Controlling the Balance between Glutamate Uptake and Release. Cells 2019, 8, 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8020184
Mahmoud S, Gharagozloo M, Simard C, Gris D. Astrocytes Maintain Glutamate Homeostasis in the CNS by Controlling the Balance between Glutamate Uptake and Release. Cells. 2019; 8(2):184. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8020184
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahmoud, Shaimaa, Marjan Gharagozloo, Camille Simard, and Denis Gris. 2019. "Astrocytes Maintain Glutamate Homeostasis in the CNS by Controlling the Balance between Glutamate Uptake and Release" Cells 8, no. 2: 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8020184