Effects of Foliar and Soil Boron Fertilization on Yield, Leaf Physiological Traits and Fruit Attributes in Rainfed Almond Orchards
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Boron Treatments and Experimental Design
2.3. Leaf Gas Exchange Measurements
2.4. Relative Leaf Water Content and Electrolyte Leakage Determination
2.5. Leaf Photosynthetic Pigments
2.6. Yield and Fruit Quality Attributes
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Year and B Supply on Leaf Gas Exchange Parameters
3.2. Effect of Year and B Supply on Leaf Relative Water Content and Electrolyte Leakage
3.3. Effect of Year and B Supply on Leaf Photosynthetic Pigments
3.4. Effect of Year and B Supply on Almond Yield and Fruit Quality Attributes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Properties | Value | Method |
---|---|---|
pH (H2O) | 5.2 | - |
pH (KCl) | 4.3 | - |
Oxidizable C | 14.8 g kg−1 | Walkley-Black |
Total N | 1.5 g kg−1 | Kjeldahl |
NO3 | 55.9 mg kg−1 | 2 M KCl, spectrophotometry UV |
NH4 | 36.9 mg kg−1 | phenate method for ammonia |
Extractable B | 1.2 mg kg−1 | Hot-water, azomethine H. |
Extractable K | 151.4 mg kg−1 | ammonium-lactate |
Extractable P | 31.0 mg kg−1 | ammonium-lactate |
Exchangeable Ca | 3.7 cmolc kg−1 | ammonium acetate, pH 7 |
Exchangeable Mg | 0.8 cmolc kg−1 | ammonium acetate, pH 7 |
Exchangeable K | 0.4 cmolc kg−1 | ammonium acetate, pH 7 |
Exchangeable Al | 0.2 cmolc kg−1 | ammonium acetate, pH 7 |
Exchangeable acidity | 0.3 cmolc kg−1 | ammonium acetate, pH 7 |
Cation exchange capacity | 6.1 cmolc kg−1 | ammonium acetate, pH 7 |
2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
---|---|---|---|
E (mmol m−2s−1) | 0.835 ± 0.107 b | 1.713 ± 0.154 a | 0.984 ± 0.098 b |
gs (mmol m−2s−1) | 17.003 ± 3.097 b | 40.216 ± 4.555 a | 27.321 ± 3.956 ab |
A (µmol m−2s−1) | 2.018 ± 0.333 b | 3.402 ± 0.285 a | 3.046 ± 0.420 ab |
iWUE (µmol mol−1) | 122.728 ± 7.385 a | 90.693 ± 3.420 b | 114.197 ± 3.963 a |
RWC (%) | 71.77 ± 0.78 c | 78.74 ± 0.51 a | 74.60 ± 0.91 b |
EL (%) | 37.94 ± 0.65 a | 14.62 ± 0.34 c | 27.88 ± 0.83 b |
chl a (mg g−1) | 2.825 ± 0.079 b | 2.405 ± 0.084 c | 4.020 ± 0.084 a |
chl b (mg g−1) | 1.019 ± 0.035 b | 1.193 ± 0.042 b | 3.398 ± 0.042 a |
chl t (mg g−1) | 3.843 ± 0.105 b | 3.598 ± 0.122 b | 7.415 ± 0.386 a |
chl a/chl b | 2.839 ± 0.046 a | 2.022 ± 0.030 b | 1.583 ± 0.102 c |
Yield (t ha−1) | 4.41 ± 0.20 a | 0.09 ± 0.02 b | 4.23 ± 0.20 a |
Nut number | 238 ± 2 b | 224 ± 2 c | 347 ± 2 a |
Nut mass (g) | 4.38 ± 0.02 b | 4.69 ± 0.03 a | 2.99 ± 0.02 c |
Nut length (mm) | 37.95 ± 0.08 b | 38.43 ± 0.09 a | 32.85 ± 0.06 c |
Nut width (mm) | 22.97 ± 0.05 b | 24.50 ± 0.05 a | 21.46 ± 0.04 c |
Nut thickness (mm) | 16.48 ± 0.03 b | 17.66 ± 0.04 a | 15.57 ± 0.02 c |
Kernel mass (g) | 1.05 ± 0.09 b | 1.32 ± 0.01 a | 0.92 ± 0.01 c |
Kernel length (mm) | 26.18 ± 0.05 a | 25.92 ± 0.06 b | 23.02 ± 0.04 c |
Kernel width (mm) | 13.00 ± 0.03 b | 14.25 ± 0.03 a | 12.10 ± 0.02 c |
Kernel thickness (mm) | 6.55 ± 0.02 b | 7.44 ± 0.02 a | 6.91 ± 0.02 b |
Year | Fertilization | E (mmol m−2s−1) | gs (mmol m−2s−1) | A (µmol m−2s−1) | iWUE (µmol mol−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | Soil | B0 | 0.848 ± 0.097 b | 14.300 ± 1.741 b | 1.980 ± 0.302 b | 142.801 ± 20.237 a |
B1 | 0.570 ± 0.095 b | 11.658 ± 2.496 b | 1.421 ± 0.374 b | 118.251 ± 14.995 a | ||
B2 | 1.408 ± 0.296 a | 33.993 ± 9.624 a | 3.606 ± 1.003 a | 112.603 ± 3.606 a | ||
B3 | 0.512 ± 0.069 b | 8.787 ± 0.989 b | 1.066 ± 0.204 b | 117.257 ± 15.650 a | ||
Foliar | F0 | 0.941 ± 0.208 A | 22.737 ± 5.781 A | 2.742 ± 0.584 A | 133.619 ± 10.222 A | |
F2 | 0.728 ± 0.054 B | 11.269 ± 0.834 B | 1.295 ± 0.164 B | 111.838 ± 10.099 A | ||
Two-way ANOVA | ||||||
Soil (S) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.471 | ||
Foliar (F) | 0.022 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.152 | ||
S × F | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.414 | ||
2016 | Soil | B0 | 1.722 ± 0.285 a | 35.408 ± 7.569 a | 2.997 ± 0.495 a | 88.743 ± 5.441 a |
B1 | 1.235 ± 0.158 a | 31.378 ± 4.369 a | 3.149 ± 0.391 a | 102.376 ± 5.413 a | ||
B2 | 1.967 ± 0.467 a | 52.493 ± 14.792 a | 3.909 ± 0.877 a | 84.999 ± 10.183 a | ||
B3 | 1.930 ± 0.205 a | 41.585 ± 5.979 a | 3.555 ± 0.477 a | 86.652 ± 3.853 a | ||
Foliar | F0 | 2.093 ± 0.233 A | 53.831 ± 6.760 A | 4.189 ± 0.392 A | 83.419 ± 5.568 A | |
F2 | 1.334 ± 0.134 B | 26.602 ± 2.711 B | 2.616 ± 0.272 B | 97.966 ± 2.881 B | ||
Two-way ANOVA | ||||||
Soil (S) | 0.081 | 0.058 | 0.517 | 0.100 | ||
Foliar (F) | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.011 | ||
S × F | 0.016 | 0.008 | 0.217 | 0.041 | ||
2017 | Soil | B0 | 0.987 ± 0.138 ab | 23.578 ± 4.094 b | 2.844 ± 0.502 ab | 120.665 ± 4.115 a |
B1 | 0.815 ± 0.134 b | 24.210 ± 6.056 b | 2.893 ± 0.697 ab | 121.949 ± 5.865 a | ||
B2 | 1.281 ± 0.322 a | 41.090 ± 13.164 a | 4.315 ± 1.358 a | 106.565 ± 5.027 a | ||
B3 | 0.853 ± 0.098 b | 20.407 ± 3.011 b | 2.132 ± 0.408 b | 107.607 ± 13.101 a | ||
Foliar | F0 | 1.289 ± 0.144 A | 40.174 ± 5.847 A | 4.315 ± 0.649 A | 106.910 ± 6.237 A | |
F2 | 0.679 ± 0.049 B | 14.468 ± 1.110 B | 1.777 ± 0.158 B | 121.483 ± 4.137 A | ||
Two-way ANOVA | ||||||
Soil (S) | 0.021 | 0.002 | 0.029 | 0.356 | ||
Foliar (F) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.075 | ||
S × F | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.006 |
Year | Soil B Rates | RWC (%) | EL (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foliar B Supplementation | |||||
Absence | Presence | Absence | Presence | ||
2015 | B0 | 72.24 ± 1.64 aA | 68.81 ± 1.82 aA | 39.21 ± 1.41 aA | 37.82 ± 1.31 aA |
B1 | 68.02 ± 3.66 aA | 74.39 ± 1.70 aA | 35.63 ± 2.14 aA | 39.08 ± 2.02 aA | |
B2 | 73.91 ± 2.59 aA | 70.98 ± 1.37 aA | 34.74 ± 2.35 aB | 41.48 ± 1.19 aA | |
B3 | 71.94 ± 2.05 aA | 74.08 ± 1.76 aA | 38.12 ± 2.06 aA | 37.79 ± 1.37 aA | |
2016 | B0 | 78.73 ± 0.72 aA | 78.13 ± 1.36 aA | 13.73 ± 0.83 aA | 16.18 ± 0.93 aA |
B1 | 78.60 ± 1.16 aA | 77.84 ± 1.51 aA | 13.11 ± 1.07 aA | 13.86 ± 0.66 aA | |
B2 | 80.84 ± 1.30 aA | 79.90 ± 1.85 aA | 14.05± 0.94 aA | 15.01 ± 0.83 aA | |
B3 | 78.71 ± 1.87 aA | 76.96 ± 1.41 aA | 15.63 ± 0.94 aA | 15.46 ± 1.32 aA | |
2017 | B0 | 79.82 ± 1.45 aA | 73.74 ± 2.79 aA | 26.62 ± 1.24 aA | 31.05 ± 2.00 aA |
B1 | 77.63 ± 1.70 aA | 70.35 ± 1.40 aB | 25.20 ± 2.15 aB | 32.73 ± 3.23 aA | |
B2 | 81.17 ± 1.73 aA | 70.72 ± 2.22 aB | 22.34 ± 1.76 aB | 32.95 ± 2.27 aA | |
B3 | 74.47 ± 3.01 aA | 68.09 ± 2.72 aA | 25.09 ± 1.43 aA | 28.89 ± 2.04 aA |
Year | Fertilization | chl a (mg g−1) | chl b (mg g−1) | chl t (mg g−1) | chl a/chl b | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | Soil | B0 | 2.727 ± 0.127 a | 0.917 ± 0.050 a | 3.643 ± 0.176 a | 3.000 ± 0.050 a |
B1 | 2.834 ± 0.152 a | 1.035 ± 0.067 a | 3.868 ± 0.212 a | 2.778 ± 0.070 ab | ||
B2 | 2.673 ± 0.133 a | 1.073 ± 0.091 a | 3.745 ± 0.192 a | 2.657 ± 0.138 b | ||
B3 | 3.080 ± 0.195 a | 1.055 ± 0.065 a | 4.134 ± 0.258 a | 2.926 ± 0.072 ab | ||
Foliar | F0 | 2.787 ± 0.109 A | 0.997 ± 0.038 A | 3.783 ± 0.146 A | 2.795 ± 0.031 A | |
F2 | 2.864 ± 0.110 A | 1.042 ± 0.060 A | 3.906 ± 0.153 A | 2.885 ± 0.089 A | ||
Two-way ANOVA | ||||||
Soil (S) | 0.259 | 0.397 | 0.407 | 0.022 | ||
Foliar (F) | 0.578 | 0.528 | 0.541 | 0.250 | ||
S × F | 0.526 | 0.366 | 0.639 | 0.017 | ||
2016 | Soil | B0 | 2.556 ± 0.183 a | 1.310 ± 0.078 a | 3.865 ± 0.256 a | 1.941 ± 0.057 b |
B1 | 2.621 ± 0.149 a | 1.208 ± 0.053 a | 3.828 ± 0.199 a | 2.160 ± 0.056 a | ||
B2 | 2.121 ± 0.161 a | 1.116 ± 0.121 a | 3.235 ± 0.266 a | 1.970 ± 0.069 ab | ||
B3 | 2.311 ± 0.168 a | 1.139 ± 0.073 a | 3.450 ± 0.240 a | 2.010 ± 0.046 ab | ||
Foliar | F0 | 2.360 ± 0.096 A | 1.191 ± 0.044 A | 3.549 ± 0.136 A | 1.983 ± 0.037 A | |
F2 | 2.452 ± 0.141 A | 1.196 ± 0.074 A | 3.648 ± 0.205 A | 2.022 ± 0.050 A | ||
Two-way ANOVA | ||||||
Soil (S) | 0.130 | 0.425 | 0.209 | 0.041 | ||
Foliar (F) | 0.670 | 0.945 | 0.705 | 0.203 | ||
S × F | 0.041 | 0.056 | 0.038 | 0.375 | ||
2017 | Soil | B0 | 4.245 ± 0.284 a | 3.987 ± 0.480 a | 8.230 ± 0.754 a | 1.293 ± 0.163 a |
B1 | 4.037 ± 0.259 a | 3.664 ± 0.494 a | 7.698 ± 0.723 a | 1.383 ± 0.166 a | ||
B2 | 3.776 ± 0.331 a | 2.909 ± 0.560 a | 6.683 ± 0.866 a | 1.897 ± 0.241 a | ||
B3 | 3.783 ± 0.343 a | 2.815 ± 0.509 a | 6.597 ± 0.819 a | 1.778 ± 0.215 a | ||
Foliar | F0 | 4.006 ± 0.194 A | 3.226 ± 0.360 A | 7.230 ± 0.540 A | 1.675 ± 0.147 A | |
F2 | 3.912 ± 0.235 A | 3.472 ± 0.374 A | 7.381 ± 0.588 A | 1.486 ± 0.141 A | ||
Two-way ANOVA | ||||||
Soil (S) | 0.636 | 0.299 | 0.386 | 0.097 | ||
Foliar (F) | 0.685 | 0.678 | 0.909 | 0.433 | ||
S × F | 0.047 | 0.082 | 0.059 | 0.194 |
Year | Soil B Rates | Yield (t ha−1) | Nut Number | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foliar B Supplementation | |||||
Absence | Presence | Absence | Presence | ||
2015 | B0 | 5.42 ± 0.78 aA | 4.28 ± 0.37 aA | 231 ± 3 bB | 269 ± 5 aA |
B1 | 4.61 ± 0.38 aA | 4.46 ± 0.71 aA | 224 ± 4 bA | 233 ± 4 bA | |
B2 | 4.41 ± 0.29 aA | 4.58 ± 0.89 aA | 222 ± 4 bB | 235 ± 3 bA | |
B3 | 4.12 ± 0.53 aA | 3.25 ± 0.25 aA | 246 ± 4 aA | 241 ± 5 bA | |
2016 | B0 | 0.08 ± 0.02 aA | 0.07 ± 0.03 aA | 223 ± 3 bB | 236 ± 4 bA |
B1 | 0.11 ± 0.05 aA | 0.09 ± 0.03 aA | 208 ± 3 cB | 222 ± 5 bA | |
B2 | 0.22 ± 0.09 aA | 0.04 ± 0.02 aA | 185± 2 dB | 225 ± 4 bA | |
B3 | 0.07 ± 0.02 aA | 0.05 ± 0.02 aA | 234 ± 4 aB | 257 ± 6 aA | |
2017 | B0 | 4.39 ± 2.98 abA | 3.71 ± 2.54 aA | 353 ± 5 aA | 344 ± 5 bA |
B1 | 4.66 ± 3.63 aA | 5.98 ± 4.64 aA | 360 ± 6 aA | 370 ± 5 aA | |
B2 | 4.19 ± 3.42 abA | 4.04 ± 2.23 aA | 306 ± 5 bB | 360 ± 6 abA | |
B3 | 3.68 ± 2.46 bA | 3.27 ± 2.38 aA | 325 ± 5 bB | 355 ± 5 abA |
Year | B Soil Rates | Nut Mass (g) | Nut Length (mm) | Nut Width (mm) | Nut Thickness (mm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foliar B Fertilization | |||||||||
Absence | Presence | Absence | Presence | Absence | Presence | Absence | Presence | ||
2015 | B0 | 4.45 ± 0.06 aA | 3.93 ± 0.08 bB | 37.62 ± 0.25 bA | 37.08 ± 0.20 bA | 22.94 ± 0.13 bA | 22.15 ± 0.12 bB | 16.50 ± 0.09 bA | 15.88 ± 0.09 bB |
B1 | 4.65 ± 0.08 aA | 4.46 ± 0.07 aA | 39.00 ± 0.25 aA | 38.02 ± 0.24 aB | 23.86 ± 0.17 aA | 22.96 ± 0.16 aB | 16.97 ± 0.08 aA | 16.59 ± 0.08 aB | |
B2 | 4.65 ± 0.06 aA | 4.33 ± 0.05 aB | 38.09 ± 0.22 bA | 38.35 ± 0.20 aA | 23.22 ± 0.14 bA | 22.81 ± 0.12 aB | 16.90 ± 0.08 aA | 16.41 ± 0.07 aB | |
B3 | 4.19 ± 0.06 bB | 4.42 ± 0.09 aA | 37.55 ± 0.24 bA | 37.87 ± 0.25 abA | 22.80 ± 0.15 bA | 22.98 ± 0.16 aA | 16.15 ± 0.10 cB | 16.46 ± 0.10 aA | |
2016 | B0 | 4.61 ± 0.06 cA | 4.45 ± 0.08 bcA | 38.59 ± 0.25 bA | 38.54 ± 0.29 aA | 24.32 ± 0.14 bA | 24.46 ± 0.17 aA | 17.18 ± 0.09 cA | 17.39 ± 0.11 bA |
B1 | 4.94 ± 0.06 bA | 4.76 ± 0.08 aA | 39.27 ± 0.19 bA | 38.74 ± 0.22 aA | 24.85 ± 0.12 aA | 24.43 ± 0.14 aB | 17.82 ± 0.08 bA | 17.95 ± 0.10 aA | |
B2 | 5.49 ± 0.06 aA | 4.67 ± 0.09 abB | 40.13 ± 0.16 aA | 38.08 ± 0.27 aB | 25.32 ± 0.10 aA | 24.67 ± 0.15 aB | 18.51 ± 0.07 aA | 17.87 ± 0.12 aB | |
B3 | 4.46 ± 0.08 cA | 4.17 ± 0.08 cB | 37.68 ± 0.24 cA | 36.44 ± 0.29 bB | 24.15 ± 0.16 bA | 23.78 ± 0.16 bA | 17.18 ± 0.12 cA | 17.33 ± 0.13 bA | |
2017 | B0 | 2.94 ± 0.05 cA | 2.99 ± 0.04 aA | 32.82 ± 0.17 bcA | 32.28 ± 0.18 aB | 21.24 ± 0.10 bA | 21.39 ± 0.11 bA | 15.34 ± 0.07 bA | 15.70 ± 0.07 aB |
B1 | 2.88 ± 0.04 cA | 2.79 ± 0.04 bA | 32.29 ± 0.19 cA | 32.55 ± 0.17 aA | 20.75 ± 0.12 cB | 21.86 ± 0.11 aA | 15.01 ± 0.07 cB | 15.50 ± 0.07 aA | |
B2 | 3.38 ± 0.05 aA | 2.88 ± 0.05 abB | 34.39 ± 0.19 aA | 32.72 ± 0.16 aB | 21.96 ± 0.11 aA | 21.64 ± 0.11 abB | 15.98 ± 0.07 aA | 15.63 ± 0.07 aB | |
B3 | 3.17 ± 0.04 bA | 2.91 ± 0.04 abB | 33.56 ± 0.17 bA | 32.37 ± 0.15 aB | 21.50 ± 0.12 bA | 21.31 ± 0.10 bA | 15.78 ± 0.06 aA | 15.63 ± 0.06 aA |
Year | B Soil Rates | Kernel Mass (g) | Kernel Length (mm) | Kernel Width (mm) | Kernel Thickness (mm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foliar B Fertilization | |||||||||
Absence | Presence | Absence | Presence | Absence | Presence | Absence | Presence | ||
2015 | B0 | 1.08 ± 0.02 bA | 0.91 ± 0.01 bB | 26.09 ± 0.17 aA | 25.80 ± 0.14 aA | 13.09 ± 0.08 abA | 12.55 ± 0.07 bB | 6.78 ± 0.05 bA | 6.05 ± 0.04 bB |
B1 | 1.06 ± 0.02 bA | 1.02 ± 0.02 aA | 26.49 ± 0.16 aA | 26.29 ± 0.14 aA | 13.31 ± 0.09 aA | 12.83 ± 0.08 abB | 6.33 ± 0.04 cB | 6.47 ± 0.04 aA | |
B2 | 1.15 ± 0.01 aA | 1.03 ± 0.01 aB | 26.57 ± 0.15 aA | 26.18 ± 0.14 aB | 13.27 ± 0.07 abA | 12.90 ± 0.07 aB | 6.95 ± 0.04 aA | 6.57 ± 0.04 aB | |
B3 | 1.09 ± 0.01 bA | 1.01 ± 0.02 aA | 26.12 ± 0.14 aA | 25.85 ± 0.17 aA | 13.01 ± 0.08 bA | 13.04 ± 0.08 aA | 6.80 ± 0.04 abA | 6.43 ± 0.04 aB | |
2016 | B0 | 1.28 ± 0.02 bA | 1.26 ± 0.02 bcA | 25.95 ± 0.14 aA | 25.86 ± 0.19 aA | 14.11 ± 0.08 bcA | 14.21 ± 0.09 aA | 7.37 ± 0.04 bA | 7.32 ± 0.05 bA |
B1 | 1.38 ± 0.02 aA | 1.38 ± 0.02 aA | 26.46 ± 0.13 aA | 26.25 ± 0.15 aA | 14.39 ± 0.07 abA | 14.48 ± 0.09 aA | 7.50 ± 0.04 abA | 7.56 ± 0.05 aA | |
B2 | 1.43 ± 0.02 aA | 1.35 ± 0.02 abB | 26.95 ± 0.11 aA | 25.74 ± 0.17 aB | 14.56 ± 0.07 aA | 14.50 ± 0.08 aA | 7.59 ± 0.05 aA | 7.59 ± 0.04 aA | |
B3 | 1.28 ± 0.02 bA | 1.24 ± 0.02 cA | 25.53 ± 0.16 bA | 24.57 ± 0.20 bB | 13.94 ± 0.09 cA | 13.82 ± 0.11 bA | 7.33 ± 0.05 bA | 7.26 ± 0.07 bA | |
2017 | B0 | 0.91 ± 0.01 bA | 0.89 ± 0.01 abA | 23.07 ± 0.11 bA | 22.77 ± 0.12 aA | 12.05 ± 0.06 bA | 11.98 ± 0.06 aA | 6.86 ± 0.04 bcA | 6.96 ± 0.05 aA |
B1 | 0.87 ± 0.01 cA | 0.87 ± 0.01 bA | 22.60 ± 0.13 cA | 22.61 ± 0.10 aA | 11.91 ± 0.06 bA | 12.02 ± 0.06 aA | 6.81 ± 0.04 cA | 6.70 ± 0.05 bA | |
B2 | 1.00 ± 0.01 aA | 0.90 ± 0.01 abB | 24.00 ± 0.12 aA | 22.83 ± 0.10 aB | 12.54 ± 0.06 aA | 11.97 ± 0.05 aB | 6.96 ± 0.04 bA | 6.87 ± 0.05 abA | |
B3 | 0.98 ± 0.01 aA | 0.92 ± 0.01 aB | 23.33 ± 0.13 bA | 22.98 ± 0.10 aB | 12.33 ± 0.06 aA | 12.01 ± 0.06 aB | 7.16 ± 0.03 aA | 7.07 ± 0.05 aA |
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Silva, A.P.; Aires, A.; Barreales, D.; Rodrigues, M.Â.; Ribeiro, A.C.; Gonçalves, B.; Morais, M.C. Effects of Foliar and Soil Boron Fertilization on Yield, Leaf Physiological Traits and Fruit Attributes in Rainfed Almond Orchards. Agronomy 2022, 12, 2005. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092005
Silva AP, Aires A, Barreales D, Rodrigues MÂ, Ribeiro AC, Gonçalves B, Morais MC. Effects of Foliar and Soil Boron Fertilization on Yield, Leaf Physiological Traits and Fruit Attributes in Rainfed Almond Orchards. Agronomy. 2022; 12(9):2005. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092005
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Ana P., Alfredo Aires, David Barreales, Manuel Â. Rodrigues, António C. Ribeiro, Berta Gonçalves, and Maria C. Morais. 2022. "Effects of Foliar and Soil Boron Fertilization on Yield, Leaf Physiological Traits and Fruit Attributes in Rainfed Almond Orchards" Agronomy 12, no. 9: 2005. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092005
APA StyleSilva, A. P., Aires, A., Barreales, D., Rodrigues, M. Â., Ribeiro, A. C., Gonçalves, B., & Morais, M. C. (2022). Effects of Foliar and Soil Boron Fertilization on Yield, Leaf Physiological Traits and Fruit Attributes in Rainfed Almond Orchards. Agronomy, 12(9), 2005. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092005