Native versus Modern Almond Cultivars of Mallorca Island: From Biodiversity to Industrial Aptitude and Fruit Quality
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Experimental Plot and Management
2.3. Physical Analyses of Kernels and Whole Almonds
2.3.1. Morphological Parameters
2.3.2. Instrumental Color
2.3.3. Instrumental Texture
2.4. Physicochemical Analyses of Blanched Kernels
2.4.1. Apparent and Real Density
2.4.2. Weight Loss and Broken Pieces after Blanching Process
2.4.3. Moisture Content
2.4.4. Proximate Analyses
2.4.5. Oil Stability
2.4.6. Fatty Acids
2.5. Sensory Analysis of Kernels
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Cultivar Effect on Weight, Size, and Shape
3.2. Cultivar Effect on Instrumental Color, and Texture
3.3. Cultivar Effect on Defects
3.4. Cultivar Effect on the Kernel Physical Properties after Blanching Process
3.5. Cultivar Effect on Nutritional Components
3.6. Descriptive Sensory Profile
3.7. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) after Varimax Rotation and Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) on Physicochemical Parameters of Kernel
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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KERNEL | SHELL | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Morphological Parameters and Defects | Color Coordinates | Instrumental Texture | Morphological and Instrumental Texture | |||||||||||||||||
Weight (g) | Length (mm) | Width (mm) | Thickness (mm) | Length:Width Ratio | Creasy (%) | Twins (%) | L* | a* | b* | Hue (°) | Strength (N) | Extension (mm) | Energy (N mm) | Firmness (N mm−1) | Thickness (mm) | Hardness Shell (N) | Extension (mm) | Energy (N mm) | Firmness (N mm−1) | |
R2 (explained variability) and ANOVA test † | ||||||||||||||||||||
R2 | 0.57 | 0.74 | 0.72 | 0.47 | 0.8 | Chi-Square | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.59 | 0.61 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.75 | |
Individual cultivars (cv) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | χ2 = 321 *** | χ2 = 241 *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Modern vs. Native cv. | *** | *** | ** | *** | ** | χ2 = 0.36 NS | χ2 = 70.7 *** | *** | NS | * | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Tukey’s Multiple Range test ‡ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Belona | 1.73a | 25.0b | 17.3a | 7.88f | 1.45d | 0.00d | 0.00b | 39.5b | 16.3a | 28.6b | 60.1b | 133a | 1.50e | 102c | 88.8a | 3.81b | 507d | 2.08b | 546d | 252c |
Constantí | 1.36d | 21.9e | 15.5b | 8.77b | 1.41d | 0.00d | 0.00b | 36.9d | 14.0c | 23.0e | 58.5d | 119c | 1.81b | 109b | 65.8d | 4.20a | 724a | 2.62a | 963a | 281c |
Ferragnès | 1.59b | 26.8a | 14.6c | 8.13c | 1.84a | 82.2a | 0.00b | 39.4b | 15.2ab | 25.5d | 59.1c | 126b | 1.82b | 115b | 70.2c | 3.36c | 313f | 1.94c | 314f | 162d |
Marinada | 1.54b | 23.6d | 15.6b | 8.86b | 1.52c | 8.89b | 0.00b | 39.2b | 15.2b | 26.4c | 59.9b | 124b | 2.00a | 125a | 62.7d | 3.72b | 197i | 2.76a | 281g | 73e |
Marta | 1.43c | 24.8bc | 13.4fg | 8.42c | 1.86a | 11.1b | 0.00b | 36.6d | 15.6ab | 24.6d | 57.3e | 108d | 1.94a | 106 | 56.5e | 3.36c | 550d | 2.13b | 591c | 262c |
Masbovera | 1.52b | 25.2b | 14.5cd | 8.26c | 1.75b | 17.8b | 0.00b | 37.8c | 14.6b | 23.7e | 58.2d | 135a | 1.79c | 122a | 77.4b | 3.78b | 384e | 2.17b | 463d | 177d |
Penta | 1.24e | 22.1e | 12.7h | 8.50c | 1.75b | 2.22c | 0.00b | 41.9a | 16.3a | 29.9a | 61.3a | 106d | 1.80b | 96.6d | 60.3d | 2.92e | 521d | 1.51f | 401e | 354b |
Soleta | 1.42c | 26.2a | 14.0de | 7.28d | 1.88a | 2.22c | 0.00b | 40.6a | 15.5ab | 28.0b | 60.9a | 136a | 1.65d | 113b | 84.6a | 3.23c | 242g | 1.89c | 222h | 143d |
Vairo | 1.36d | 23.9cd | 15.3b | 8.16c | 1.56c | 11.1b | 0.00b | 39.1b | 13.9c | 24.3d | 59.8b | 106d | 1.78c | 95.9d | 59.8d | 3.47c | 480e | 1.98c | 484d | 245c |
Desmeus | 1.10f | 20.1f | 13.1fgh | 8.49c | 1.54c | 11.1b | 0.00b | 39.6b | 15.9a | 30.7a | 62.6a | 103d | 1.76c | 91.5d | 59.0d | 3.10d | 602c | 1.76d | 533d | 351b |
Duareta | 1.22e | 19.5f | 13.6ef | 9.38a | 1.44d | 0.00d | 46.7a | 36.5d | 15.1b | 25.5d | 59.2c | 119c | 1.94a | 117b | 62.5d | 3.05d | 616b | 1.91c | 608c | 329b |
Feliu | 1.44c | 21.9e | 14.4cd | 9.02a | 1.52c | 73.3a | 0.00b | 36.9d | 13.4c | 24.4d | 61.1a | 119c | 1.70d | 102c | 70.6c | 3.75b | 755a | 1.89c | 744b | 412a |
Jordi | 1.20e | 22.4e | 13.0gh | 8.21c | 1.73b | 0.00d | 35.6a | 37.8c | 16.5a | 28.9b | 60.2b | 97.8e | 1.55f | 77.3e | 63.8d | 2.48f | 542d | 1.52f | 428e | 361b |
Vivot | 1.36e | 23.8d | 12.9gh | 8.71b | 1.84a | 0.00d | 0.00b | 37.7c | 13.9c | 24.3d | 60.2b | 96.4e | 1.61d | 79.5e | 60.6d | 2.80e | 584c | 1.65e | 488d | 363b |
Modern vs. Native cultivars | ||||||||||||||||||||
Modern | 1.47a | 24.4a | 14.7a | 8.25b | 1.67a | 15.1 | 0.00b | 39.0a | 15.2 | 26.0b | 59.5b | 121a | 1.79a | 109a | 69.6a | 3.54a | 435b | 2.12a | 474b | 216b |
Native | 1.26b | 21.5b | 13.4b | 8.76a | 1.61b | 38.4 | 16.4a | 37.7b | 14.9 | 26.8a | 60.6a | 107b | 1.71b | 93.5b | 63.3b | 3.04b | 620a | 1.74b | 560a | 363a |
Apparent Density (g cm3) | Real Density (g cm3) | Skin Part (%) | Brocken Blanched (%) | Moisture (%) | Protein (%) | Fat (%) | Fat: Protein Ratio | Sugar (%) | Fiber (%) | Ash (%) | Stability (h) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 ANOVA test † | ||||||||||||
R2 | 0.72 | 0.28 | 0.57 | 0.66 | 0.95 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.83 | 0.99 | 0.996 |
Individual cv. | *** | NS | ** | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Modern vs. Native cv. | * | NS | NS | NS | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Tukey´s Multiple Range test ‡ | ||||||||||||
Individual cultivars | ||||||||||||
Belona | 0.51c | 0.98 | 9.08b | 4.18c | 6.61d | 26.4e | 58.5a | 2.21a | 1.60f | 10.4c | 3.22d | 5.82e |
Constantí | 0.53b | 0.96 | 7.02c | 9.71b | 7.34a | 31.3b | 51.9g | 1.66h | 1.02h | 10.8c | 3.60a | 8.09a |
Ferragnès | 0.51c | 0.97 | 9.32b | 6.07c | 7.05b | 28.1d | 56.1c | 1.99c | 1.02h | 9.63d | 3.61a | 5.45f |
Marinada | 0.53b | 0.96 | 9.24b | 10.0b | 7.08b | 29.3c | 54.6e | 1.86f | 1.07h | 8.75e | 3.64a | 5.33f |
Marta | 0.52b | 0.96 | 9.39b | 7.62b | 7.02b | 28.8d | 55.2d | 1.91e | 3.81a | 9.72d | 3.35c | 7.08bc |
Masbovera | 0.53b | 0.96 | 8.09b | 12.2b | 6.93c | 27.0e | 56.0c | 2.08b | 2.99b | 9.15d | 3.50b | 7.01bc |
Penta | 0.54ab | 0.97 | 8.44b | 6.59c | 6.89c | 27.0e | 55.6d | 2.06b | 1.90d | 10.3c | 3.53b | 7.29b |
Soleta | 0.51c | 0.96 | 9.81a | 8.85b | 7.18a | 29.9c | 55.6d | 1.86f | 3.27b | 9.91c | 2.15e | 5.23f |
Vairo | 0.52b | 0.95 | 9.09b | 4.16c | 6.92c | 28.2d | 55.7d | 1.98d | 1.69e | 12.2b | 3.31d | 6.07d |
Desmeus | 0.55a | 1.00 | 8.96b | 11.8b | 7.20a | 32.6a | 49.9h | 1.53i | 1.75d | 8.56e | 3.48b | 7.75a |
Duareta | 0.55a | 0.96 | 10.0a | 3.21c | 6.92c | 29.2c | 56.5c | 1.94d | 1.32g | 15.0a | 3.46b | 4.89g |
Feliu | 0.52b | 0.97 | 8.86b | 6.83c | 7.11b | 29.7c | 53.3f | 1.79g | 2.04c | 7.64e | 3.70a | 6.80c |
Jordi | 0.53b | 0.95 | 9.36b | 16.0a | 6.89c | 28.5d | 57.1b | 2.00c | 1.31g | 13.4ab | 3.64a | 4.31h |
Vivot | 0.52b | 0.96 | 8.17b | 10.7b | 6.54d | 26.6e | 58.6a | 2.20a | 1.61f | 10.7c | 3.39c | 5.59e |
Modern vs. Native cultivars | ||||||||||||
Modern | 0.52b | 0.96 | 8.83 | 7.71 | 6.93b | 27.3a | 51.3b | 1.89b | 1.49b | 10.3a | 3.28a | 5.86b |
Native | 0.53a | 0.97 | 9.07 | 9.72 | 7.00a | 26.5b | 51.6a | 1.96a | 1.90a | 9.39b | 3.19b | 6.37a |
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Lipan, L.; Romero, A.; Echeverria, G.; Maldonado, M.; Company, T.; Escalona, J.M.; Ruiz, J.; Miarnau, X. Native versus Modern Almond Cultivars of Mallorca Island: From Biodiversity to Industrial Aptitude and Fruit Quality. Agronomy 2022, 12, 1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081933
Lipan L, Romero A, Echeverria G, Maldonado M, Company T, Escalona JM, Ruiz J, Miarnau X. Native versus Modern Almond Cultivars of Mallorca Island: From Biodiversity to Industrial Aptitude and Fruit Quality. Agronomy. 2022; 12(8):1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081933
Chicago/Turabian StyleLipan, Leontina, Agustí Romero, Gemma Echeverria, Marta Maldonado, Tomeu Company, Jose Mariano Escalona, Joan Ruiz, and Xavier Miarnau. 2022. "Native versus Modern Almond Cultivars of Mallorca Island: From Biodiversity to Industrial Aptitude and Fruit Quality" Agronomy 12, no. 8: 1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081933
APA StyleLipan, L., Romero, A., Echeverria, G., Maldonado, M., Company, T., Escalona, J. M., Ruiz, J., & Miarnau, X. (2022). Native versus Modern Almond Cultivars of Mallorca Island: From Biodiversity to Industrial Aptitude and Fruit Quality. Agronomy, 12(8), 1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081933