Computational Approach to Dynamic Systems through Similarity Measure and Homotopy Analysis Method for Renewable Energy

Abstract

To achieve considerably high thermal conductivity, hybrid nanofluids are some of the best alternatives that can be considered as renewable energy resources and as replacements for the traditional ways of heat transfer through fluids. The subject of the present work is to probe the heat and mass transfer flow of an ethylene glycol based hybrid nanofluid (Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$) in three dimensions with homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical reactions and the nanoparticle shape factor. The applications of appropriate similarity transformations are done to make the corresponding non-dimensional equations, which are used in the analytic computation through the homotopy analysis method (HAM). Graphical representations are shown for the behaviors of the parameters and profiles. The hybrid nanofluid (Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$) has a great influence on the flow, temperature, and cubic autocatalysis chemical reactions. The axial velocity and the heat transfer increase and the concentration of the cubic autocatalytic chemical reactions decreases with increasing stretching parameters. The tangential velocity and the concentration of cubic autocatalytic chemical reactions decrease and the heat transfer increases with increasing Reynolds number. A close agreement of the present work with the published study is achieved.

1. Introduction

Energy has a crucial role in the prosperity and development of any country. The daily consumed energy resources like natural gas, oil, and coal are certain to vanish with the passage of time because these are huge sources of energy and are being depleted due to their limited availability. To cope with such a situation, the replenishment of the world’s energy is of utmost concern, making it is a basic requirement to search for some reliable and affordable energy alternatives. Such problems apply to renewable energy systems. Nanoparticles have been shown to solve such constraints because of their remarkable heat transfer capabilities. The application of nanoparticles in the industrial, biomedical, and energy sectors is due to their thermophysical properties. Nanoparticles have seen applications in energy conversion (e.g., fuel cells, solar cells, and thermoelectric devices), energy storage (e.g., rechargeable batteries and super capacitors), and energy saving (e.g., insulation such as aerogels and smart glazes, efficient lightning like light emitting diodes and organic light-emitting diodes). To combat climate change, clean and sustainable energy sources need to be rapidly developed. Solar energy technology converts solar energy directly into electricity, for which high performance cooling, heating, and electricity generation are among the inevitable requirements. In solar collectors, the absorbed incident solar radiation is converted to heat. The working fluid conveys the generated heat for different uses [1]. Ettefaghi et al. [2] worked on a bio-nanoemulsion fuel based on biodegradable nanoparticles to improve diesel engines’ performance and reduce exhaust emissions. Gunjo et al. [3] investigated the melting enhancement of a latent heat storage with dispersed Cu, CuO, and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles for a solar thermal application. Khanafer and Vafai [4] presented a review on the applications of nanofluids in the solar energy field.

Nanofluids reduce the process time, enhance the heating rates, and improve the lifespan of machinery [5]. Nanofluids have seen applications in power saving, manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, microfluidics, nano-technology, microelectronics, etc. Recently, nano-technology has attracted great attraction from scientists [6]. Nanoparticles are the most interesting technology to introduce novel, environmentally friendly chemical and mechanical polishing slurries to fabricate effective materials [7]. Thermal conductivity is of great importance and is enhanced by the incorporation of nanoparticles in the base fluid [8]. Hamilton and Crosser [9] studied the thermal conductivity of a heterogeneous two component system. Nanofluids were obtained by the addition of nanoparticles to the base fluids, and they have gained popularity since the work of Choi and Eastman [10]. Vallejo et al. [11] analyzed the internal aspects of the fluid for six carbon-based nanomaterials in a rotating rheometer with a double conic shape containing a typical sheet. Alihosseini and Jafari [12] investigated a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model for an aluminum foam and nanoparticles with heat transfer using a number of cylinders having different configurations through a permeable medium. Sheikholeslami et al. [13], working with a ethylene glycol nanofluid, discussed the electric field, thermal radiation, and nanoparticle shape factors of a ferrofluid by showing that the platelet shape led to enhanced convective flow. Al-Kouz et al. [14] applied computational fluid dynamics to analyze entropy generation in a rarefied time dependent, laminar two-dimensional flow of an air-aluminum oxide nanofluid in a cavity with a square shape having more than one solid fin at the heated wall where the optimization procedure was adopted to show the conditions by which the overall entropy generation was reduced. Atta et al. [15] modified the asphaltenes isolated from crude oil to work as capping agents for the synthesis of hydrophobic silica to investigate the surface charge of hydrophobic silica nanoparticles, the chemical structure, the particle size, and the surface morphology. Rout et al. [16] presented the three and higher order nonlinear thin film study and optics fabricated with gold nanoparticles. They obtained the solution via spin-coating techniques to achieve the highest values of nonlinear absorption coefficient, nonlinear refractive index and saturation intensity. Alvarez-Regueiro et al. [17] experimentally determined the heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops of four functionalized graphene nanoplatelet nanofluids for heat transfer enhancement to discuss the nanoadditive loading, temperature and Reynolds number. Alsagri et al. [18] elaborated the heat and mass transfer flow of single walled and multi walled carbon nanotubes past a stretchable cylinder by investigating that the heat transfer enhances with the high values of nanoparticles concentration of single walled carbon nanotubes compared to that of multi walled carbon nanotubes. Working on transverse vibration, Mishra et al. [19] comparatively investigated a computational fluid dynamic model for water based nanofluid through a pipe subject to superimposed vibration, applied to the wall to increase the heat transfer in axial direction while vibration effect is decreased for pure liquid and is increased for nanofluid. Abbas et al. [20] achieved the results that in the heat and mass transfer flow of Cross nanofluid, the Bejan number was intensified for the high values of thermal radiation parameter. Some discussion on nanofluids and other relevant studies can be found in the references [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55].

Mono-nanofluids represent enhanced thermal conductivity and good rheological characteristics, but still they have some weak characteristics necessary for a particular purpose. By the hybridization process, different nanoparticles are added in a base fluid to make the hybrid nanofluid which has enhanced thermophysical properties and thermal conductivity as well as rheological properties. Ahmad et al. [56] investigated the hybrid nanofluid with activation energy and binary chemical reaction through a moving wedge taken into account the Darcy law of porous medium, heat generation, thermal slip, radiation, and variable viscosity. Dinarvand and Rostami [57] presented the ZnO-Au hybrid nanofluid when 15 gm of nanoparticles are added into the 100 gm base fluid, the heat transfer enhances more than 40% compared to that of the regular fluid.

Homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical reactions have important applications in chemical industries. Ahmad and Xu [58] worked on homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical reactions in which the reactive species were of regular size reacting with other species in a nanofluid to show more realistic mathematical model physically. Hayat et al. [59] elaborated the Xue nanofluid model to study the carbon nanotubes nanofluids in rotating systems incorporating Darcy–Forchheimer law, homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical reactions and optimal series solutions. Suleman et al. [60] addressed the homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical reactions in Ag-H${}_2$O nanofluid flow past a stretching sheet with Newtonian heating to prove that concentration field was decreased for the increasing strength of homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical reactions.

In the literature, interesting studies exists like [5] which investigates the electrical conductivity, structural and optical properties of ZnO. In study [6], the theoretical and experimental results of electric current and thermal conductivity of H${}_2$O-ethylene glycol based TiO${}_2$ have been obtained. The study [7] relates to the oxide-ethylene glycol nanofluid with different sizes of nanoparticles. Due to the applications of the above studies, it is desire to investigate the ethylene glycol based Au-ZnO hybrid nanofluid flow with heat transfer and homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical reactions in rotating system. The present study has the applications in renewable energy technology, thermal power generating system, spin coating, turbo machinery etc. The solution of the problem is obtained through an effective technique known as homotopy analysis method [61]. Investigations are shown through graphs and discussed in detail.

2. Methods

A rotating flow of hydromagnetic, time independent and incompressible hybrid nanofluid between two parallel disks in three dimensions is analyzed. Homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical reactions are also considered. The lower disk is supposed to locate at z = 0 while the upper disk is at a constant distance H apart. The velocities and stretching on these disks are (${\mathsf{\Omega }}_1$, ${\mathsf{\Omega }}_2$) and (a${}_1$, a${}_2$), respectively while the temperatures on these disks are T${}_1$ and T${}_2$, respectively. A magnetic field of strength B${}_0$ is applied in the direction of z-axis (please see Figure 1). Ethylene glycol is chosen for the base fluid in which zinc oxide and gold nanoparticles are added.

Figure 1. Geometry of the problem.

For cubic auto-catalysis, the homogeneous reaction is

$$2\mathit{C}+\mathit{B}\to 3\mathit{C},rate={\mathit{c}}^2\mathit{b}{\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{c}}.$$

(1)

The first order isothermal reaction on the surface of catalyst is

$$\mathit{B}\to \mathit{C},rate=\mathit{b}{\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{s}},$$

(2)

where B and C denote the chemical species with concentrations b and c, respectively. k${}_c$ and k${}_s$ are the rate constants.

Cylindrical coordinates (r, $\vartheta$, z), are applied to provide the thermodynamics of hybrid nanofluid as [57,58,59]

$$\frac{\partial w}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial r}+\frac{u}{r}=0,$$

(3)

$${\rho }_{hnf}\left(\begin{array}{c}-\frac{v^2}{r}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial r}u+\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}w\end{array}\right)={\mu }_{hnf}\left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial z^2}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial r^2}-\frac{u}{r^2}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial r}\frac{1}{r}\end{array}\right)-{\sigma }_{hnf}{B}_0^{2}u-\frac{{\mu }_{hnf}}{S}{\mathit{u}}^2-{\mathit{S}}_1{\mathit{u}}^2-\frac{\partial P}{\partial r},$$

(4)

$${\rho }_{hnf}\left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{uv}{r}+w\frac{\partial v}{\partial z}+u\frac{\partial v}{\partial r}\end{array}\right)={\mu }_{hnf}\left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{{\partial }^{2}v}{\partial z^2}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}v}{\partial r^2}-\frac{v}{r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial v}{\partial r}\end{array}\right)-{\sigma }_{hnf}{B}_0^{2}v-\frac{{\mu }_{hnf}}{S}{\mathit{v}}^2-{\mathit{S}}_1{\mathit{v}}^2,$$

(5)

$${\rho }_{hnf}\left(\begin{array}{c}w\frac{\partial w}{\partial z}+u\frac{\partial w}{\partial r}\end{array}\right)=-\frac{\partial P}{\partial z}+{\mu }_{hnf}\left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{{\partial }^{2}w}{\partial z^2}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}w}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial w}{\partial r}\end{array}\right)-\frac{{\mu }_{hnf}}{S}{\mathit{w}}^2-{\mathit{S}}_1{\mathit{w}}^2,$$

(6)

$${\left(\rho c_p\right)}_{hnf}\left(\begin{array}{c}w\frac{\partial T}{\partial z}+u\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}{k}_{hnf}+\frac{16T_1^3{\sigma }_1}{3k_0}\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{{\partial }^{2}T}{\partial z^2}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}T}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}\end{array}\right)+{\sigma }_{hnf}{B}_0^2(v^2+u^2),$$

(7)

$$w\frac{\partial b}{\partial z}+u\frac{\partial b}{\partial r}=-{\mathit{c}}^2\mathit{b}{\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{c}}+{\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{B}}\left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{{\partial }^{2}b}{\partial z^2}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}b}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial b}{\partial r}\end{array}\right),$$

(8)

$$w\frac{\partial c}{\partial z}+u\frac{\partial c}{\partial r}={\mathit{c}}^2\mathit{b}{\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{c}}+{\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{C}}\left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{{\partial }^{2}c}{\partial z^2}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}c}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial c}{\partial r}\end{array}\right).$$

(9)

The boundary conditions are

$$atz=0,D_C\frac{\partial c}{\partial z}=k_{s}c,D_B\frac{\partial b}{\partial z}=k_{s}b,T=T_1,w=0,v=\mathit{r}{\mathsf{\Omega }}_1,u=\mathit{r}{a}_1,$$

(10)

$$atz=\mathit{H},\mathit{c}\to 0,\mathit{b}\to {\mathit{b}}_0,T=T_2,P\to \infty ,w=0,v=\mathit{r}{\mathsf{\Omega }}_2,u=\mathit{r}{a}_2,$$

(11)

where u(r, ϑ, z), v(r, ϑ, z) and w(r, ϑ, z) are the components of velocity, P is the pressure. S is the permeability of porous medium, S${}_1$ = $\frac{C_b}{r{S}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ is the non-uniform inertia coefficient of porous medium with C${}_b$ as the drag coefficient. Temperature of hybrid nanofluid is T and B = (0, 0, B${}_0$) is the magnetic field. ${\sigma }_1$ is the Stefan Boltzmann constant and k${}_0$ is the absorption coefficient. For the hybrid nanofluid, the important quantities are ${\rho }_{hnf}$ (density), ${\mu }_{hnf}$ (dynamic viscosity), ${\sigma }_{hnf}$ (electrical conductivity), (c${}_p$)${}_{hnf}$ (heat capacity) and k${}_{hnf}$ (thermal conductivity). The subscript “hnf” shows the hybrid nanofluid. For the thermal conductivity, the mathematical formulation is obtained via Hamilton–Crosser model [9] as

$$\frac{k_{nf}}{k_f}=\frac{k_1+(n_1-1)k_f-(n_1-1)(k_f-k_1){\varphi }_1}{k_1+(n_1-1)k_f+(k_f-k_1){\varphi }_1},$$

(12)

where n is the empirical shape factor for the nanoparticle whose value is given in Table 1.

Table 1. Values of shape factor of different shapes of nanoparticles.

Shapes of Nanoparticle	n	Aspect Ratio
Spherical	3	-
Brick	3.7	1:1:1
Cylinder	4.8	1:8
Platelet	5.7	1:1/8

The subscript “f” denotes the base fluid namely ethylene glycol and the subscript “nf” is used for nanofluid. ${\rho }_s$ and (c${}_P$)${}_s$ are the density and heat capacity at specified pressure of nanoparticles, respectively. ${\varphi }_1$ is the first nanoparticle volume fraction while ${\varphi }_2$ is the second nanoparticle volume fraction which can be formulated as [57].

$${\rho }_s=\frac{({\rho }_1\times m_1)+({\rho }_2\times m_2)}{m_1+m_2},$$

(13)

$${\left(c_P\right)}_s=\frac{({\left(c_P\right)}_1\times m_1)+({\left(c_P\right)}_2\times m_2)}{m_1+m_2},$$

(14)

$${\varphi }_1=\frac{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}}{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}+\frac{m_2}{{\rho }_2}+\frac{m_f}{{\rho }_f}},$$

(15)

$${\varphi }_2=\frac{\frac{m_2}{{\rho }_2}}{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}+\frac{m_2}{{\rho }_2}+\frac{m_f}{{\rho }_f}},$$

(16)

$$\varphi ={\varphi }_1+{\varphi }_2,$$

(17)

where m${}_1$, m${}_2$ and m${}_f$ are, respectively the mass of first nanoparticle, mass of the second nanoparticle and mass of the base fluid. $\varphi$ is the total volume fraction of zinc oxide and gold nanoparticles.

The thermophysical properties of C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ as well as nanoparticles are given in Table 2.

Table 2. Thermophysical properties of ethylene glycol and nanoparticles.

Properties	Ethylene Glycol (C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$)	Zinc Oxide (ZnO)	Gold (Au)
$\rho$(kg/m${}^3$)	${\rho }_f$ = 116.6	${\rho }_{s_1}$ = 5600	${\rho }_{s_2}$ = 19,282
c${}_P$(J/kg K)	(c${}_P$)${}_f$ = 2382	(c${}_P$)${}_{s_1}$ = 495.2	(c${}_P$)${}_{s_2}$ = 192
k(W/m K)	k${}_f$ = 0.249	k${}_{s_1}$ = 13	k${}_{s_2}$ = 310
$\sigma$(Um)${}^{-1}$	${\sigma }_f$ = 3.14	${\sigma }_{s_1}$ = 7.261 × 10${}^{-9}$	${\sigma }_{s_2}$ = 4.11 × 10${}^7$
Nanoparticle measurement/nm	-	29 and 77	3–40

The mathematical formulations for ${\rho }_{hnf}$ (density), ${\mu }_{hnf}$ (dynamic viscosity), ${\sigma }_{hnf}$ (electrical conductivity), (c${}_p$)${}_{hnf}$ (heat capacity) are given in Table 3 where ${\varphi }_s$ shows the particle concentration.

Table 3. Mathematical forms of thermophysical properties.

Properties	ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$
Density ($\rho$)	${\rho }_{nf}$ = (1 − ${\varphi }_1$)${\rho }_f$ + ${\varphi }_1$${\rho }_s$
Heat capacity ($\rho$c${}_P$)	($\rho$c${}_P$)${}_{nf}$ = (1 − ${\varphi }_1$)($\rho$c${}_P$)${}_f$ + ${\varphi }_1$($\rho$c${}_P$)${}_s$
Dynamic viscosity ($\mu$)	$\frac{{\mu }_{nf}}{{\mu }_f}$ = $\frac{1}{{(1-{\varphi }_1)}^{2.5}}$
Thermal conductivity (k)	$\frac{k_{nf}}{k_f}$ = $\frac{k_1+(n_1-1)k_f-(n_1-1)(k_f-k_1){\varphi }_1}{k_1+(n_1-1)k_f+(k_f-k_s){\varphi }_1}$
Electrical conductivity ($\sigma$)	$\frac{{\sigma }_{nf}}{{\sigma }_f}$ = 1 + $\frac{3(\sigma -1){\varphi }_1}{(\sigma +2)-(\sigma -1){\varphi }_1}$, where $\sigma$ = $\frac{{\sigma }_s}{{\sigma }_f}$
Properties	Hybrid nanofluid (Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$)
Density ($\rho$)	${\rho }_{hnf}$ = (1 − (${\varphi }_1$ + ${\varphi }_2$))${\rho }_f$ + ${\varphi }_1$${\rho }_{s_1}$ + ${\varphi }_2$${\rho }_{s_2}$
Heat capacity ($\rho$c${}_P$)	($\rho$c${}_P$)${}_{nf}$ = (1 − (${\varphi }_1$ + ${\varphi }_2$))($\rho$c${}_P$)${}_f$ + ${\varphi }_1$($\rho$c${}_P$)${}_{s_1}$ + ${\varphi }_2$($\rho$c${}_P$)${}_{s_2}$
Dynamic viscosity ($\mu$)	$\frac{{\mu }_{hnf}}{{\mu }_f}$ = $\frac{1}{{\left[\begin{array}{c}1-({\varphi }_1+{\varphi }_2)\end{array}\right]}^{2.5}}$
Thermal conductivity (k)	$\frac{k_{hnf}}{k_f}$ = $\frac{k_2+(n_2-1)k_{nf}-(n_2-1)(k_{nf}-k_2){\varphi }_2}{k_2+(n_2-1)k_{nf}+(k_{nf}-k_2){\varphi }_2}$ × $\frac{k_1+(n_1-1)k_f-(n_1-1)(k_f-k_1){\varphi }_1}{k_1+(n_1-1)k_f+(k_f-k_1){\varphi }_1}$ × k${}_f$
Electrical conductivity (${\sigma }_{hnf}$)	$\frac{{\sigma }_{hnf}}{{\sigma }_f}$ = 1 + $\frac{3\left[\begin{array}{c}\frac{{\sigma }_1{\varphi }_1+{\sigma }_2{\varphi }_2}{{\sigma }_f}-({\varphi }_1+{\varphi }_2)\end{array}\right]}{2+\left[\begin{array}{c}\frac{{\sigma }_1{\varphi }_1+{\sigma }_2{\varphi }_2}{({\varphi }_1+{\varphi }_2){\sigma }_f}\end{array}\right]-\left[\begin{array}{c}\frac{{\sigma }_1{\varphi }_1+{\sigma }_2{\varphi }_2}{{\sigma }_f}-({\varphi }_1+{\varphi }_2)\end{array}\right]}$

Following transformations are used

$$\begin{array}{c}{\mathit{f}}^{\prime }\left(\zeta \right){\mathsf{\Omega }}_1\mathit{r}=u,\mathit{v}=\mathit{r}{\mathsf{\Omega }}_1\mathit{g}\left(\zeta \right),-2\mathit{f}\left(\zeta \right)\mathit{H}{\mathsf{\Omega }}_1=\mathit{w},\frac{-T_2+T}{-T_2+T_1}=\theta \left(\zeta \right),{\mathsf{\Omega }}_1{\rho }_f{\nu }_f\left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{ϵr^2}{2H^2}+\mathit{P}\left(\zeta \right)\end{array}\right)=\mathit{P},\hfill \\ \hfill \phi {\mathit{b}}_0=\mathit{b},\mathit{c}={\mathit{b}}_0{\phi }_1,\frac{z}{H}=\zeta ,\end{array}$$

(18)

where ${\nu }_f$ = $\frac{{\mu }_f}{{\rho }_f}$ is the kinematic viscosity and $ϵ$ is the pressure parameter.

Using the values from Equation (18) in Equations (4)–(11), the following eight Equations (19)–(26) are obtained

$${\mathit{B}}_1{f}^{‴}+\mathit{Re}\left(\begin{array}{c}2{\mathit{ff}}^{″}-{f^{\prime }}^2+g^2-M{B}_2{f}^{\prime }\end{array}\right)-ϵ-{\mathit{k}}_2\mathit{Re}{\mathit{B}}_1{\mathit{f}}^{\prime }-{\mathit{k}}_3\mathit{Re}\frac{1}{{\rho }_{hnf}}{\left({\mathit{f}}^{\prime }\right)}^2=0,$$

(19)

$${\mathit{B}}_1{g}^{″}+\mathit{Re}\left(\begin{array}{c}2f{g}^{\prime }-\mathit{M}{\mathit{B}}_2{g}^{\prime }\end{array}\right)-{\mathit{k}}_2\mathit{Re}{\mathit{B}}_1\mathit{g}-{\mathit{k}}_3\mathit{Re}\frac{1}{{\rho }_{hnf}}{\left(\mathit{g}\right)}^2=0,$$

(20)

$$P^{\prime }=\frac{2}{k_2}-4\mathit{Re}f{f}^{\prime }-f^{″},$$

(21)

$${\mathit{B}}_3\frac{k_{hnf}}{k_f}{\theta }^{″}+\frac{1}{\mathit{Rd}}Pr\mathit{Re}\left[\begin{array}{c}2f{\theta }^{\prime }+M\mathit{Ec}{\mathit{B}}_4\left(\begin{array}{c}{g}^2+{\left(f^{\prime }\right)}^2\end{array}\right)\end{array}\right]=0,$$

(22)

$$ScRe\left(\begin{array}{c}2{\phi }^{\prime }f-{\mathit{k}}_4\phi {\phi }_1^2\end{array}\right)+{\phi }^{″}=0,$$

(23)

$${\phi }_1^{″}+ScRe\left(\begin{array}{c}2{\phi }_1^{\prime }f+{\mathit{k}}_4\phi {\phi }_1^2\end{array}\right)\frac{1}{{\mathit{k}}_5}=0,$$

(24)

$$f=0,f^{\prime }={\mathit{k}}_6,g=1,\theta =1,{\phi }^{\prime }={\mathit{k}}_7\phi ,{\mathit{k}}_4{\phi }_1^{\prime }=-{\mathit{k}}_7\phi ,\mathit{P}=0at\zeta =0,$$

(25)

$$f=0,f^{\prime }={\mathit{k}}_8,g=\mathsf{\Omega },\theta =0,\phi =1,{\phi }_1=0at\zeta =1,$$

(26)

where (${}^{\prime }$) represents the derivative with respect to $\zeta$. B${}_1$ = ${\left[\begin{array}{c}1-\frac{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}}{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}+\frac{m_2}{{\rho }_2}+\frac{m_f}{{\rho }_f}}\end{array}\right]}^{-2.5}$×${\left[\begin{array}{c}1-\frac{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}}{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}+\frac{m_2}{{\rho }_2}+\frac{m_f}{{\rho }_f}}+\frac{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}}{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}+\frac{m_2}{{\rho }_2}+\frac{m_f}{{\rho }_f}}\frac{{\rho }_s}{{\rho }_f}\end{array}\right]}^{-1}$, B${}_2$ = 1 + $\frac{3\left[\begin{array}{c}\frac{{\sigma }_1{\varphi }_1+{\sigma }_2{\varphi }_2}{{\sigma }_f}-({\varphi }_1+{\varphi }_2)\end{array}\right]}{2+\left[\begin{array}{c}\frac{{\sigma }_1{\varphi }_1+{\sigma }_2{\varphi }_2}{({\varphi }_1+{\varphi }_2){\sigma }_f}\end{array}\right]-\left[\begin{array}{c}\frac{{\sigma }_1{\varphi }_1+{\sigma }_2{\varphi }_2}{{\sigma }_f}-({\varphi }_1+{\varphi }_2)\end{array}\right]}$, B${}_3$ = $\frac{{\left(\rho c_P\right)}_f}{\left[\begin{array}{c}\left[\begin{array}{c}1-\frac{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}}{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}+\frac{m_2}{{\rho }_2}+\frac{m_f}{{\rho }_f}}\end{array}\right]{\rho }_f+\left[\begin{array}{c}1-\frac{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}}{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}+\frac{m_2}{{\rho }_2}+\frac{m_f}{{\rho }_f}}\end{array}\right]{\rho }_s\end{array}\right]\times \left[\begin{array}{c}\left[\begin{array}{c}1-\frac{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}}{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}+\frac{m_2}{{\rho }_2}+\frac{m_f}{{\rho }_f}}\end{array}\right]{\left(c_P\right)}_f+\left[\begin{array}{c}1-\frac{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}}{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}+\frac{m_2}{{\rho }_2}+\frac{m_f}{{\rho }_f}}\end{array}\right]{\left(c_P\right)}_s\end{array}\right]}$, B${}_4$ = $\frac{{\sigma }_{hnf}}{{\rho }_{hnf}}$. k${}_2$ = $\frac{{\nu }_f}{S{\mathsf{\Omega }}_1}$ is the porosity parameter, k${}_3$ = $\frac{C_b}{S^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ is the inertial parameter due to Darcy Forchheimer effect. The other non-dimensional parameters are $\mathsf{\Omega }$ = $\frac{{\mathsf{\Omega }}_2}{{\mathsf{\Omega }}_1}$, Re = $\frac{{\mathsf{\Omega }}_1{H}^2}{{\nu }_f}$, M = $\frac{{\sigma }_f{B}_0^2}{{\rho }_f{\mathsf{\Omega }}_1}$, Rd = $\frac{16{\sigma }_1{T}_1^3}{3k_f{k}_0}$, Pr = $\frac{{({\rho }_{c_P})}_{hnf}{\nu }_f}{k_f}$, Ec = $\frac{r^2{\mathsf{\Omega }}_1^2}{c_P(T_1-T_2)}$, Sc = $\frac{{\nu }_f}{D_B}$, k${}_4$ = $\frac{k_c{b}_0^2}{{\mathsf{\Omega }}_1}$, k${}_5$ = $\frac{D_C}{D_B}$, k${}_6$ = $\frac{a_1}{{\mathsf{\Omega }}_1}$, k${}_7$ = $\frac{k_{s}H}{D_B}$ and k${}_8$ = $\frac{a_2}{{\mathsf{\Omega }}_1}$ which are known as rotation parameter, Reynolds number, magnetic field parameter, thermal radiation parameter, Prandtl number, Eckert number, Schmidt number, homogeneous chemical reaction parameter, diffusion coefficient ratio, stretching parameter for lower disks, heterogeneous chemical reaction parameter and stretching parameter at upper disk, respectively.

Regarding the homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical reaction, the quantities B and C may be considered in a special case, i.e., if D${}_B$ is equal to D${}_C$, then in such a case k${}_5$ equals unity, which leads to

$$1={\phi }_1\left(\zeta \right)+\phi \left(\zeta \right).$$

(27)

Using Equation (27), Equations (23) and (24) generate

$$0=\mathit{Sc}\mathit{Re}\left[\begin{array}{c}{\left(\begin{array}{c}1-\phi \end{array}\right)}^2{\mathit{k}}_4\phi +2{\phi }^{\prime }\mathit{f}\end{array}\right]+{\phi }^{″},$$

(28)

whose corresponding boundary conditions become

$${\phi }^{\prime }={\mathit{k}}_7\phi for\zeta =0while\phi =1for\zeta =1.$$

(29)

By taking derivative of Equation (19) with respect to $\zeta$, it becomes

$${\mathit{B}}_1{f}^{‴\prime }+\mathit{Re}\left(\begin{array}{c}2f{f}^{‴}+2g{g}^{\prime }-\mathit{M}{\mathit{B}}_2{f}^{″}\end{array}\right)-{\mathit{k}}_2\mathit{Re}{\mathit{B}}_1{f}^{″}-2{\mathit{k}}_3\mathit{Re}\frac{1}{{\rho }_{hnf}}{f}^{\prime }{f}^{″}=0.$$

(30)

Considering Equation (21), Equations (25) and (26), the quantity $ϵ$ is computed as

$$ϵ=f^{‴}\left(0\right)-\mathit{Re}\left[\begin{array}{c}-{\left(\begin{array}{c}g\left(0\right)\end{array}\right)}^2+{\left(\begin{array}{c}{f}^{\prime }\left(0\right)\end{array}\right)}^2+M{B}_2{f}^{\prime }\left(0\right)+\frac{1}{B_1{k}_2{f}^{\prime }\left(0\right)}\end{array}\right].$$

(31)

Integrating Equation (21) with respect to $\zeta$ by using the limit 0 to $\zeta$ for evaluating P as

$$P=-2\left[\begin{array}{c}\mathit{Re}\left(\begin{array}{c}{\left(f\right)}^2+\frac{1}{k_2}{\int }_0^{\zeta }\mathit{f}\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}{f}^{\prime }-f^{\prime }\left(0\right)\end{array}\right)\end{array}\right].$$

(32)

Skin Frictions and Nusselt Numbers

The important physical quantities are defined as

$$\begin{array}{cc}{C}_{f_1}\left(Localskinfrictionatlowerdisk\right)\hfill & =\frac{{\tau |}_{z=0}}{{\rho }_{hnf}{\left(r{\mathsf{\Omega }}_1\right)}^2},\hfill \\ & C_{f_2}\left(Localskinfrictionatatupperdisk\right)=\frac{{\tau |}_{z=H}}{{\rho }_{hnf}{\left(r{\mathsf{\Omega }}_1\right)}^2},\hfill \end{array}$$

(33)

where

$$\tau =\sqrt{{\left({\tau }_{zr}\right)}^2+{\left({\tau }_{z\theta }\right)}^2},$$

(34)

denotes the sum of shear stress of tangential forces ${\tau }_{zr}$ and ${\tau }_{z\theta }$ along radial and tangential directions which are defined as

$$\begin{array}{cc}{\tau }_{zr}\left(Shearstressfrictionatlowerdisk\right)={\mu }_{hnf}\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}{|}_{z=0}=\hfill & \frac{{\mu }_{hnf}r{\mathsf{\Omega }}_1{f}^{″}\left(0\right)}{H}and\hfill \\ & \hfill {\tau }_{z\theta }={\mu }_{hnf}\frac{\partial v}{\partial z}{|}_{z=0}=\frac{{\mu }_{hnf}r{\mathsf{\Omega }}_1{g}^{\prime }\left(0\right)}{H}.\end{array}$$

(35)

Using the information of Equations (34) and (35), Equation (33) proceeds to

$$C_{f_1}=\frac{1}{R{e}_r}{\left[\begin{array}{c}1-\frac{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}}{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}+\frac{m_2}{{\rho }_2}+\frac{m_f}{{\rho }_f}}\end{array}\right]}^{-2.5}{\left[\begin{array}{c}{\left(\begin{array}{c}{f}^{″}\left(0\right)\end{array}\right)}^2+{\left(\begin{array}{c}{g}^{\prime }\left(0\right)\end{array}\right)}^2\end{array}\right]}^{\frac{1}{2}},$$

(36)

$$C_{f_2}=\frac{1}{R{e}_r}{\left[\begin{array}{c}1-\frac{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}}{\frac{m_1}{{\rho }_1}+\frac{m_2}{{\rho }_2}+\frac{m_f}{{\rho }_f}}\end{array}\right]}^{-2.5}{\left[\begin{array}{c}{\left(\begin{array}{c}{f}^{″}\left(1\right)\end{array}\right)}^2+{\left(\begin{array}{c}{g}^{\prime }\left(1\right)\end{array}\right)}^2\end{array}\right]}^{\frac{1}{2}},$$

(37)

where $R{e}_r$ = $\frac{r{\mathsf{\Omega }}_{1}H}{{\nu }_{hnf}}$ is the Reynolds number.

Another important physical quantity is

$$\begin{array}{cc}N{u}_{r_1}(LocalNusseltnumberat\hfill & lowerdisk)=\frac{H{q}_w}{k_f(T_1-T_2)}{|}_{z=0},\hfill \\ & \hfill N{u}_{r_2}\left(LocalNusseltnumberatupperdisk\right)=\frac{H{q}_w}{k_f(T_1-T_2)}{|}_{z=H},\end{array}$$

(38)

where q${}_w$ is the surface temperature defined as

$$q_w\left(Atlowerdisk\right)=-k_{hnf}\frac{\partial T}{\partial z}{|}_{z=0}=-k_{hnf}\frac{T_1-T_2}{H}{\theta }^{\prime }\left(0\right).$$

(39)

Taking information from Equation (39), Equation (38) becomes

$$N{u}_{r_1}=-\frac{k_{hnf}}{k_f}{\theta }^{\prime }\left(0\right),N{u}_{r_2}=-\frac{k_{hnf}}{k_f}{\theta }^{\prime }\left(1\right).$$

(40)

3. Computational Methodology

Following the HAM, choosing the initial guesses and linear operators for the velocities, temperature and homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical concentration profiles as

$$\begin{array}{c}{f}_0\left(\zeta \right)={\zeta }^3({\mathit{k}}_6+{\mathit{k}}_8)-{\zeta }^2(2{\mathit{k}}_6+{\mathit{k}}_8)+\zeta {\mathit{k}}_6,g_0\left(\zeta \right)=\zeta \mathsf{\Omega }+1-\zeta ,{\theta }_0\left(\zeta \right)=-\zeta +1,\hfill \\ \hfill {\phi }_0\left(\zeta \right)=\frac{\zeta k_7+1}{k_7+1},\end{array}$$

(41)

$${\phi }^{″}={\mathit{L}}_{\phi },f^{‴\prime }={\mathit{L}}_f,g^{″}={\mathit{L}}_g,{\theta }^{″}={\mathit{L}}_{\theta },$$

(42)

characterizing

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill {\mathit{L}}_f\left[\begin{array}{c}{\mathit{E}}_1+E_2\zeta +E_3{\zeta }^2+E_4{\zeta }^3\end{array}\right]=0,{\mathit{L}}_g\left[\begin{array}{c}{E}_5+E_6\zeta \end{array}\right]=0,{\mathit{L}}_{\theta }\left[\begin{array}{c}{E}_7+E_8\zeta \end{array}\right]=0,{\mathit{L}}_{\phi }\left[\begin{array}{c}{E}_9+E_{10}\zeta \end{array}\right]=0,\end{array}$$

(43)

where E${}_i$(i = 1–10) are the arbitrary constants.

3.1. Zeroth Order Deformation Problems

Introducing the nonlinear operator ℵ as

$$\begin{array}{c}{\aleph }_f[f(\zeta ,j),g(\zeta ,j)]={\mathit{B}}_1\frac{{\partial }^{4}f(\zeta ,j)}{\partial {\zeta }^4}+\mathit{Re}\left[\begin{array}{c}2f(\zeta ,j)\frac{{\partial }^{3}f(\zeta ,j)}{\partial {\zeta }^3}+2g(\zeta ,j)\frac{\partial g(\zeta ,j)}{\partial \zeta }-M{\mathit{B}}_2\frac{{\partial }^{2}f(\zeta ,j)}{\partial {\zeta }^2}\end{array}\right]-\hfill \\ \hfill {\mathit{k}}_2\mathit{Re}{\mathit{B}}_1\frac{{\partial }^{2}f(\zeta ,j)}{\partial {\zeta }^2}-2{\mathit{k}}_3\mathit{Re}\frac{1}{{\rho }_{hnf}}\frac{\partial f(\zeta ,j)}{\partial \zeta }\frac{{\partial }^{2}f(\zeta ,j)}{\partial {\zeta }^2},\end{array}$$

(44)

$${\aleph }_g[f(\zeta ,j),g(\zeta ,j)]={\mathit{B}}_1\frac{{\partial }^2\mathit{g}(\zeta ,j)}{\partial {\zeta }^2}+\mathit{Re}\left[\begin{array}{c}2f(\zeta ,j)\frac{\partial g(\zeta ,j)}{\partial \zeta }-M{\mathit{B}}_2\frac{\partial g(\zeta ,j)}{\partial \zeta }\end{array}\right]-{\mathit{k}}_2{\mathit{B}}_{1}g(\zeta ,j)-{\mathit{k}}_3\frac{1}{{\rho }_{hnf}}{\left[\begin{array}{c}g(\zeta ,j)\end{array}\right]}^2,$$

(45)

$${\aleph }_{\theta }[f(\zeta ,j),g(\zeta ,j),\theta (\zeta ,j)]={\mathit{B}}_3\frac{k_{hnf}}{k_f}\frac{{\partial }^2\theta (\zeta ,j)}{\partial {\zeta }^2}+\frac{1}{Rd}Pr\mathit{Re}\left[\begin{array}{c}2f(\zeta ,j)\frac{\partial \theta (\zeta ,j)}{\partial \zeta }+\mathit{M}{\mathit{B}}_4\mathit{Ec}{\left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{\partial f(\zeta ,j)}{\partial \zeta }\end{array}\right)}^2+{\left(\begin{array}{c}g(\zeta ,j)\end{array}\right)}^2\end{array}\right],$$

(46)

$${\aleph }_{\phi }[f(\zeta ,j),\phi (\zeta ,j)]=\frac{{\partial }^2\phi (\zeta ,j)}{\partial {\zeta }^2}+ReSc\left[\begin{array}{c}2f(\zeta ,j)\frac{\partial \phi (\zeta ,j)}{\partial \zeta }+{\mathit{k}}_4\phi (\zeta ,j){(1-\phi (\zeta ,j))}^2\end{array}\right],$$

(47)

where j is the homotopy parameter such that j ∈ [0, 1].

Moreover

$$(1-j){\mathit{L}}_f[f(\zeta ,j)-f_0\left(\zeta \right)]=j{\hslash }_f{\aleph }_f[f(\zeta ,j),g(\zeta ,j)],$$

(48)

$$(1-j){\mathit{L}}_g[g(\zeta ,j)-g_0\left(\zeta \right)]=j{\hslash }_g{\aleph }_g[f(\zeta ,j),g(\zeta ,j)],$$

(49)

$$(1-j){\mathit{L}}_{\theta }[\theta (\zeta ,j)-{\theta }_0\left(\zeta \right)]=j{\hslash }_{\theta }{\aleph }_{\theta }[f(\zeta ,j),g(\zeta ,j),\theta (\zeta ,j)],$$

(50)

$$(1-j){\mathit{L}}_{\phi }[\phi (\zeta ,j)-{\phi }_0\left(\zeta \right)]=j{\hslash }_{\phi }{\aleph }_{\phi }[f(\zeta ,j),\phi (\zeta ,j)],$$

(51)

where ${\hslash }_{\phi }$, ${\hslash }_f$, ${\hslash }_{\theta }$ and ${\hslash }_g$ are the convergence control parameters.

Boundary conditions of Equation (48) are

$$f(0,j)=0,f^{\prime }(0,j)={\mathit{k}}_6,f(1,j)=0,f^{\prime }(1,j)={\mathit{k}}_8.$$

(52)

Boundary conditions of Equation (49) are

$$g(0,j)=1,g(1,j)=\mathsf{\Omega }.$$

(53)

Boundary conditions of Equation (50) are

$$\theta (0,j)=1,\theta (1,j)=0.$$

(54)

Boundary conditions of Equation (51) are

$${\phi }^{\prime }(0,j)={\mathit{k}}_7\phi (0,j),\phi (1,j)=1.$$

(55)

Characterizing j = 0 and j = 1, the calculations obtained as

$$j=0\Rightarrow f(\zeta ,0)=f_0\left(\zeta \right)andj=1\Rightarrow f(\zeta ,1)=f\left(\zeta \right),$$

(56)

$$j=0\Rightarrow g(\zeta ,0)=g_0\left(\zeta \right)andj=1\Rightarrow g(\zeta ,1)=g\left(\zeta \right),$$

(57)

$$j=0\Rightarrow \theta (\zeta ,0)={\theta }_0\left(\zeta \right)andj=1\Rightarrow \theta (\zeta ,1)=\theta \left(\zeta \right),$$

(58)

$$j=0\Rightarrow \phi (\zeta ,0)={\phi }_0\left(\zeta \right)andj=1\Rightarrow \phi (\zeta ,1)=\phi \left(\zeta \right).$$

(59)

f(ζ,j) becomes f${}_0$(ζ) and f(ζ) as j assumes the values zero and one. g(ζ,j) becomes g${}_0$(ζ) and g(ζ) as j assumes the values zero and one. θ(ζ,j) becomes θ${}_0$(ζ) and θ(ζ) as j assumes the values zero and one. Finally, φ(ζ,j) becomes φ${}_0$(ζ) and φ(ζ) as j assumes the values zero and one.

Applying Taylor series expansion on the Equations (56)–(59), the results are obtained as

$$f(\zeta ,j)=f_0\left(\zeta \right)+\sum _{m=1}^{\infty }{f}_m\left(\zeta \right)j^m,f_m\left(\zeta \right)=\frac{1}{m!}\frac{{\partial }^{m}f(\zeta ,j)}{\partial j^m}{\mid }_{j=0},$$

(60)

$$g(\zeta ,j)=g_0\left(\zeta \right)+\sum _{m=1}^{\infty }{g}_m\left(\zeta \right)j^m,g_m\left(\zeta \right)=\frac{1}{m!}\frac{{\partial }^{m}g(\zeta ,j)}{\partial j^m}{\mid }_{j=0},$$

(61)

$$\theta (\zeta ,j)={\theta }_0\left(\zeta \right)+\sum _{m=1}^{\infty }{\theta }_m\left(\zeta \right)j^m,{\theta }_m\left(\zeta \right)=\frac{1}{m!}\frac{{\partial }^m\theta (\zeta ,j)}{\partial j^m}{\mid }_{j=0},$$

(62)

$$\phi (\zeta ,j)={\phi }_0\left(\zeta \right)+\sum _{m=1}^{\infty }{\phi }_m\left(\zeta \right)j^m,{\phi }_m\left(\zeta \right)=\frac{1}{m!}\frac{{\partial }^m\phi (\zeta ,j)}{\partial j^m}{\mid }_{j=0}.$$

(63)

${\hslash }_{\phi }$, ${\hslash }_f$, ${\hslash }_{\theta }$ and ${\hslash }_g$ are adjusted to obtain the convergence for the series in Equations (60)–(63) at j = 1, so Equations (60)–(63) transform to

$$f\left(\zeta \right)=f_0\left(\zeta \right)+\sum _{m=1}^{\infty }{f}_m\left(\zeta \right),$$

(64)

$$g\left(\zeta \right)=g_0\left(\zeta \right)+\sum _{m=1}^{\infty }{g}_m\left(\zeta \right),$$

(65)

$$\theta \left(\zeta \right)={\theta }_0\left(\zeta \right)+\sum _{m=1}^{\infty }{\theta }_m\left(\zeta \right),$$

(66)

$$\phi \left(\zeta \right)={\phi }_0\left(\zeta \right)+\sum _{m=1}^{\infty }{\phi }_m\left(\zeta \right).$$

(67)

3.2. mth Order Deformation Problems

Considering Equations (48) and (52) for homotopy at mth order as

$${\mathit{L}}_{\mathit{f}}[f_m\left(\zeta \right)-{\chi }_m{f}_{m-1}\left(\zeta \right)]={\hslash }_f{\mathit{R}}_m^f\left(\zeta \right),$$

(68)

$$f_m\left(0\right)=0,f_m\left(1\right)=0,f_m^{\prime }\left(0\right)=0,f_m^{\prime }\left(1\right)=0,$$

(69)

$$\begin{array}{c}{\mathit{R}}_m^f\left(\zeta \right)={\mathit{B}}_1{f}_{m-1}^{‴\prime }+\mathit{Re}\left[\begin{array}{c}\sum _{k=o}^{m-1}{f}_{m-1-k}{f}_k^{‴}+2g_{m-1-k}{g}_k^{\prime }-M{\mathit{B}}_2{f}_{m-1}^{″}\end{array}\right]-{\mathit{k}}_2\mathit{Re}{\mathit{B}}_1{f}_{m-1}^{″}-\hfill \\ \hfill 2{\mathit{k}}_3\mathit{Re}\frac{1}{{\rho }_{hnf}}\sum _{k=o}^{m-1}{f}_{m-1-k}^{\prime }{f}_k^{‴}.\end{array}$$

(70)

Considering Equations (49) and (53) for homotopy at mth order as

$${\mathit{L}}_{\mathit{g}}[g_m\left(\zeta \right)-{\chi }_m{g}_{m-1}\left(\zeta \right)]={\hslash }_g{\mathit{R}}_m^g\left(\zeta \right),$$

(71)

$$g_m\left(0\right)=0,g_m\left(1\right)=0,$$

(72)

$${\mathit{R}}_m^g\left(\zeta \right)={\mathit{B}}_1{g}_{m-1}^{″}+\mathit{Re}\left[\begin{array}{c}\sum _{k=o}^{m-1}2f_{m-1-k}{g}_k^{\prime }-\mathit{M}{\mathit{B}}_2{g}_{m-1}^{\prime }\end{array}\right]-{\mathit{k}}_2{\mathit{B}}_1{g}_{m-1}-{\mathit{k}}_3\frac{1}{{\rho }_{hnf}}\sum _{k=o}^{m-1}{g}_{m-1-k}{g}_k.$$

(73)

Considering Equations (50) and (54) for homotopy at mth order as

$${\mathit{L}}_{\theta }[{\theta }_m\left(\zeta \right)-{\chi }_m{\theta }_{m-1}\left(\zeta \right)]={\hslash }_{\theta }{\mathit{R}}_m^{\theta }\left(\zeta \right),$$

(74)

$${\theta }_m\left(0\right)=0,{\theta }_m\left(1\right)=0,$$

(75)

$${\mathit{R}}_m^{\theta }\left(\zeta \right)={\mathit{B}}_3\frac{k_{hnf}}{k_f}{\theta }_{m-1}^{″}+\frac{1}{Rd}Pr\mathit{Re}\left[\begin{array}{c}2\sum _{k=o}^{m-1}{f}_{m-1-k}{\theta }_k^{\prime }+\mathit{M}{\mathit{B}}_4\mathit{Ec}\left[\begin{array}{c}\sum _{k=o}^{m-1}{f}_{m-1-k}^{\prime }{f}_k^{\prime }+\sum _{k=o}^{m-1}{g}_{m-1-k}{g}_k\end{array}\right]\end{array}\right].$$

(76)

Considering Equations (51) and (55) for homotopy at mth order as

$${\mathit{L}}_{\phi }[{\phi }_m\left(\zeta \right)-{\chi }_m{\phi }_{m-1}\left(\zeta \right)]={\hslash }_{\phi }{\mathit{R}}_m^{\phi }\left(\zeta \right),$$

(77)

$${\phi }_m^{\prime }\left(0\right)=0,{\phi }_m\left(1\right)=0,$$

(78)

$${\mathit{R}}_m^{\phi }\left(\zeta \right)={\phi }_{m-1}^{″}+ReSc\left[\begin{array}{c}2\sum _{k=o}^{m-1}{f}_{m-1-k}{\phi }_k^{\prime }+{\mathit{k}}_4\left[\begin{array}{c}{\phi }_{m-1}+{\phi }_{m-1-k}\sum _{l=o}^k{\phi }_{k-l}{\phi }_l-2\sum _{k=o}^{m-1}{\phi }_{m-1-k}{\phi }_k\end{array}\right]\end{array}\right],$$

(79)

$${\chi }_m=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}0,\hfill & \mathrm{m}\le 1\hfill \\ 1,\hfill & \mathrm{m}>1.\hfill \end{array}\right.$$

(80)

Adding the particular solutions f${}_m^{*}$(ζ), g${}_m^{*}$(ζ), θ${}_m^{*}$(ζ) and φ${}_m^{*}$(ζ), Equations (68), (71), (74) and (77) yield the general solutions as

$$f_m\left(\zeta \right)=f_m^{*}\left(\zeta \right)+E_1+E_2\zeta +E_3{\zeta }^2+E_4{\zeta }^3,$$

(81)

$$g_m\left(\zeta \right)=g_m^{*}\left(\zeta \right)+E_5+E_6\zeta ,$$

(82)

$${\theta }_m\left(\zeta \right)={\theta }_m^{*}\left(\zeta \right)+E_7+E_8\zeta ,$$

(83)

$${\phi }_m\left(\zeta \right)={\phi }_m^{*}\left(\zeta \right)+E_9+E_{10}\zeta .$$

(84)

4. Results and Discussion

Results and discussion provide the analysis of the problem through the impacts of all the relevant parameters. The non-dimensional Equations (20), (22), (28) and (30) with boundary conditions in Equations (25), (26) and (29) are analytically computed. The performances of different parameters on the velocity profiles with heat and concentration of homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical reactions are shown in the relevant graphs. The streamlines show the internal behaviors of flow. The physical representation of the problem is shown in Figure 1. Liao [61] introduced ℏ-curves for the convergence of the series solution to get the precise and convergent solutions of the problems. ℏ-curves are also called the convergence controlling parameters for solution in the homotopy analysis method (used for solution in the present case). These ℏ-curves specify the range of numerical values. These numerical values (optimum values) are selected from the valid region in straight line. These optimum values of ℏ-curves are selected from the straight lines parallel to the horizontal axis (please see carefully Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5) to control the convergence of problem solution. In the present case, the valid region of each profile ℏ-curve is specified. Therefore, the admissible ℏ-curves for f(ζ), g(ζ), θ(ζ) and φ(ζ) are drawn in the ranges −10.00 ≤ ${\hslash }_f$ ≤ −4.00, −10.00 ≤ ${\hslash }_g$ ≤ −5.00, −3.5 ≤ ${\hslash }_{\theta }$ ≤ −2.50 and −1.50 ≤ ${\hslash }_{\phi }$ ≤ −0.50 in Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5, respectively.

Figure 2. Illustration of the ${\hslash }_f$-curve of f(ζ).

Figure 3. Illustration of the ${\hslash }_g$-curve of g(ζ).

Figure 4. Illustration of the ${\hslash }_{\theta }$-curve of θ(ζ).

Figure 5. Illustration of the ${\hslash }_{\phi }$-curve of φ(ζ).

4.1. Axial Velocity Profile

In the present study, two nanofluids namely ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ and Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ are investigated whose behaviors are shown through the graphs under the effects of different parameters. In Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9, Figure 10, Figure 11, Figure 12, Figure 13, Figure 14, Figure 15, Figure 16, Figure 17, Figure 18, Figure 19, Figure 20, Figure 21, Figure 22, Figure 23, Figure 24 and Figure 25, the green and magenta colors are used for ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ and Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ while in Figure 24 and Figure 25, the additional colors are also used. There are solid and dashed curves in Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9, Figure 10, Figure 11, Figure 12, Figure 13, Figure 14, Figure 15, Figure 16, Figure 17, Figure 18, Figure 19, Figure 20, Figure 21, Figure 22 and Figure 23. The mechanism is that three positive increasing numerical values are given to one parameter in the HAM solution while all the remaining parameters are fixed to show the effect of that one parameter simultaneously on the two nanofluids namely ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ and Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$. When the solid lines locate below the dashed lines, then it shows the increasing effect and when the solid lines locate above the dashed lines, then it shows the decreasing effect. When the arrow head is from top to bottom, it shows the decreasing effect and when the arrow head is from bottom to top, it shows the increasing effect.

Figure 6. Illustration for the velocity f(ζ) and parameter Re = 1.00, 1.50, 2.00.

Figure 7. Illustration for the velocity f(ζ) and parameter k${}_6$ = 1.00, 1.50, 2.00.

Figure 8. Illustration for the velocity f(ζ) and parameter M = 1.00, 1.50, 2.00.

Figure 9. Illustration for the velocity f(ζ) and parameter Ω = 1.00, 1.50, 2.00.

Figure 10. Illustration for the velocity g(ζ) and parameter Re = 1.00, 10.50, 20.00.

Figure 11. Illustration for the velocity g(ζ) and parameter k${}_6$ = 1.00, 10.50, 20.00.

Figure 12. Illustration for the velocity g(ζ) and parameter M = 1.00, 10.50, 20.00.

Figure 13. Illustration for the velocity g(ζ) and parameter Ω = 1.00, 1.50, 2.00.

Figure 14. Illustration for the heat transfer θ(ζ) and parameter Re = 1.00, 1.50, 2.00.

Figure 15. Illustration for the heat transfer θ(ζ) and parameter k${}_6$ = 1.00, 1.50, 2.00.

Figure 16. Illustration for the heat transfer θ(ζ) and parameter Ω = 1.00, 5.50, 10.00.

Figure 17. Illustration for the heat transfer θ(ζ) and parameter Pr = 1.00, 3.50, 6.00.

Figure 18. Illustration for the heat transfer θ(ζ) and parameter M = 1.00, 1.50, 2.00.

Figure 19. Illustration for the heat transfer θ(ζ) and parameter Rd = 1.00, 1.50, 2.00.

Figure 20. Illustration for the concentration φ(ζ) and parameter Re = 1.00, 1.50, 2.00.

Figure 21. Illustration for the concentration φ(ζ) and parameter k${}_4$ = 1.00, 1.50, 2.00.

Figure 22. Illustration for the concentration φ(ζ) and parameter k${}_6$ = 1.00, 1.50, 2.00.

Figure 23. Illustration for the concentration φ(ζ) and parameter Sc = 1.00, 1.50, 2.00.

Figure 24. Illustration for the streamlines at upper disk and parameter Re = 0.30.

Figure 25. Illustration for the streamlines for lower disks and parameter Re = 0.30.

Figure 6 shows that for the different values of Reynolds number Re, the axial velocity f(ζ) is increased. In fact, the velocity of ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ and Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ increase with increasing values of Reynolds number therefore overall motion is accelerated. Figure 7 shows the prominent role of stretching parameter k${}_6$ due to lower disk in which the axial velocity f(ζ) increases. The present motion is due to stretching so if the stretching parameter is increased, the flow of fluids is also increased. In the mean time, porosity is responsible to decrease the axial flow. It shows that motion due to different nanofluids is reduced because the permeability at the edge of the accelerating surface increases. Surely, it is noted that excess of nanoparticles concentration is involved in decelerating the motion. It is worthy of notice that the axial velocity f(ζ) decreases against the inertia. Physically it means that the absorbency of the porous medium shows an increment in the thickness of the fluid. Figure 8 shows that magnetic field parameter resists the flow since due to magnetic field, the Lorentz forces are generated which resist the motion. The curves are shrink in response to the parameter effect. Figure 9 exhibits all the assigned values of Ω and axial velocity f(ζ) which offers opportunities to know about the rotating systems and shows that the flow of ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ and Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ increase.

Some interesting results have been found in case of tangential velocity g(ζ). Figure 10 shows that as the Reynolds number Re increases, the opposite tendency has been observed in the motion of ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ and Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$. The flow of mono nanofluid ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ decreases while the flow of hybrid nanofluid Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ shows no prominent change for increasing the Reynolds number Re. In Figure 11, the tangential velocity f(ζ) tends to decreasing. Tangential velocity assumes a likely downfall so the flow is not supported by stretching due to k${}_6$. Figure 12 witnesses that the tangential velocity g(ζ) shifts to the effective decreasing for hybrid nanofluid Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ and increases for ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ on behalf of the magnetic field parameter M. Figure 13 exhibits that rotation parameter Ω parameter resists the tangential flow of Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ and enhances the tangential flow of ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$.

4.2. Temperature Profile

Figure 14 shows the effect of Reynolds number Re on heat transfer. The larger values of Re increase the temperature of ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ and Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$. It has been observed in Figure 15 that as the stretching parameter k${}_6$ increases, the temperature of ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ and Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ increase. These observations indicate that the fluid temperature and its related layer are incremented for higher estimations of k${}_6$. The rotation parameter Ω cannot generate an extra heating to the system as shown in Figure 16. Temperature θ(ζ) is decreased on increasing the parameter Ω. The physical reason is that enhancement in Ω causes to improve the internal source of energy, that is why the fluid temperature is reduced. The system gets the parameter Pr for the designated values 1.00, 3.50, and 6.00 during the process and increases the temperature shown through Figure 17. The direct relation of Pr and thermal conductivity increases the thickness of thermal boundary layer. Larger values of Pr generate the high diffusion of heat transfer. The temperature θ(ζ) is changed to lowest level after the exchange of high values of magnetic field parameter M as shown in Figure 18. The reason is that strong Lorentz forces resist the flow of nanoparticles, so causing no high collision among the nanoparticles, consequently, the temperature is decreased. Figure 19 depicts that with the increasing values of thermal radiation parameter Rd, the temperature θ(ζ) of ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ increases while the temperature of hybrid nanofluid Au-ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ decreases. The reason is that radiation enhances more heat in the working fluids.

4.3. Concentration of Homogeneous-Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions

Looking at the non-dimensional Equation (28), the suitable values of Re, Sc and k${}_4$ are the basic quantities for generating a cubic autocatalysis chemical reaction. The concentration of chemical reaction φ(ζ) is low with the Reynolds number Re as shown in Figure 20. Figure 21 shows that for the homogeneous chemical reaction parameter k${}_4$, the concentration of chemical reaction is decreased. From Equation (28), it is witnessed that the homogeneous chemical reaction parameter k${}_4$ is a part of performance with the multiple solutions. Enhancement in k${}_4$ makes dominant the concentration. In Figure 22, the stretching parameter k${}_6$ upgrades concentration of chemical reaction with low level by performing active role in the rotating motion. The stretching parameter k${}_6$ makes compact the homogeneous reaction and hence the concentration profile φ(ζ). Figure 23 stands for the outcomes of Schmidt number Sc and concentration φ(ζ). Momentum diffusivity to mass diffusivity is known as Schmidt number. The parameter Sc causes to make low the homogeneous chemical reaction.

4.4. Streamlines

Figure 24 shows the streamlines at upper disks. The size of the streamlines increases at upper disk compared to that of lower disk. Both mono nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid proceed towards the edges of disks. Figure 25 shows the streamlines for the Reynolds number Re at lower disks. The compression of streamlines are clear from Figure 25. The plumes power is strong for lower disks.

4.5. Authentication of the Present Work

The important physical quantities introduced in Section 2 are evaluated to compare the validity of the solution with the published work [8]. Table 4 shows the tabulations to the several values for the parameter Re. There exists a nice agreement with the published work [8]. Similarly in Table 5, the values of heat transfer rate are computed for the volume fraction ϕ = 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, and 0.40. These values also have the close agreement with the published work [8].

Table 4. Comparison of the present and published work.

Reynolds Number (Re)	f ${}^{″}$ (1) [8]	f ${}^{″}$ (1) (Present)	g ${}^{\prime }$ (1) [8]	g ${}^{\prime }$ (1) (Present)
0.10	0.292991	0.292993	0.284684	0.284683
0.20	0.237792	0.237791	0.224995	0.224994
0.30	0.208284	0.208283	0.197046	0.197044
0.40	0.206995	0.206994	0.203117	0.203115

Table 5. Comparison of the present and published work.

Volume Fraction ($\mathit{\varphi }$)	- θ${}^{\prime }$(0) [8]	- θ${}^{\prime }$(0) (Present)	- θ${}^{\prime }$(1) [8]	- θ${}^{\prime }$(1) (Present)
0.10	3.677172	3.677170	2.26814	2.26813
0.20	4.53192	4.53190	3.128083	3.128081
0.30	2.983936	2.983935	1.648859	1.648857
0.40	3.00208	3.00207	1.624995	1.624993

5. Conclusions

A significant modification in the mathematical model for hybrid nanofluid has been made for the analysis of flow, heat and mass transfer. Chemical species reactions are shown in hybrid nanofluid. The problem is modeled in rotating systems for the nanoparticles ZnO and Au with base fluid ethylene glycol and solved through HAM. In ethylene glycol-based fluid (C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$), two types of nanoparticles, namely ZnO (zinc oxide) and Au (gold), with volume fractions ${\varphi }_1$ = 0.03 and ${\varphi }_2$ = 0.04 are investigated, respectively. It is noted that for ${\varphi }_1$ = 0.00 and ${\varphi }_2$ = 0.00, the problem becomes about viscous fluid with the absence of nanoparticles volume fractions. If ${\varphi }_1$ = 0.00, Ag/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ is obtained and if ${\varphi }_2$ = 0.00, ZnO${}_2$/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ is constructed. Achieving better comprehension, the competencies of active parameters on flow, heat transfer and concentration of heterogeneous-homogeneous chemical reactions are noted. There exists a nice agreement between the present and published work in Table 4 and Table 5. The problem has potential for renewable energy system and researchers to investigate the thermal conductivity of nanoparticles like silver, aluminum, copper etc. with different base fluids like water, benzene, engine oil etc. The results for flow, heat transfer and concentration of homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical reactions are summarized as following.

(1)

Axial velocity f(ζ) increases for ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ and Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ with the increasing values of Reynolds number Re, stretching parameter k${}_6$ and rotation parameter Ω while axial velocity f(ζ) decreases for ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ and Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ with the increasing values of magnetic field parameter M.

(2)

Tangential velocity g(ζ) increases for ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ with the increasing values of magnetic field parameter M and rotation parameter Ω while the same velocity decreases for Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ with the increasing values of magnetic field parameter M and rotation parameter Ω. Moreover, tangential velocity g(ζ) decreases for ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ and Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ with the increasing values of Reynolds number Re and stretching parameter k${}_6$.

(3)

Heat transfer $\theta \left(\zeta \right)$ increases for ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ and Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ with the increasing values of Reynolds number Re, stretching parameter k${}_6$. Similarly, heat transfer $\theta \left(\zeta \right)$ increases for ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ with increasing values of thermal radiation parameter Rd while it is decreased for ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ and Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ with the increasing values of rotation parameter Ω, magnetic field parameter M. In case of Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$, heat transfer $\theta \left(\zeta \right)$ also decreases with increasing values of thermal radiation parameter Rd.

(4)

The concentration of homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical reactions φ(ζ) decreases for ZnO-C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ and Au-ZnO/C${}_2$H${}_6$O${}_2$ with the increasing values of Reynolds number Re, stretching parameter k${}_6$ and Schmidt number Sc.

(5)

Streamlines are compressed at the upper portion of upper disk while these are compressed at the lower portion of lower disk when the Reynolds number Re assumes the value 0.30.

(6)

Table 4 and Table 5 show an excellent agreement of the present work with published work.