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Volume 15
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10.3390/catal15100993
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Article

Naproxen Degradation Using NiO Synthesized via Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis on Ni–Fe Foam by Ozone

by
George Luis Morejón Aguila
1,
Julia Liliana Rodríguez Santillán
1,*,
Tatyana Poznyak
1,*,
Yair Cruz Narváez
2,
Héctor F. Mendoza León
3,
Luis Lartundo Rojas
3,
Claudia Jazmín Ramos Torres
3 and
José J. Castro Arellano
2
1
Laboratorio de Ingeniería Química Ambiental, ESIQIE—Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07340, Mexico
2
Laboratorio de Posgrado e Investigación de Operaciones Unitarias, ESIQIE—Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07340, Mexico
3
Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías (CNMN), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Zacatenco, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100993
Submission received: 21 September 2025 / Revised: 9 October 2025 / Accepted: 15 October 2025 / Published: 17 October 2025
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Abstract

Naproxen (NPX), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is considered an emerging contaminant due to its persistence and potential environmental risks. In this study, NPX degradation was investigated through ozonation using nickel–iron foam (NiFeF) and NiO-modified NiFeF (NiO/NiFeF). The effect of the foam size was investigated using three configurations: S1 (1 cm × 2.5 cm), S2 (2 cm × 2.5 cm), and S3 (2 cm × 5 cm). Complete NPX removal was achieved in all systems, with degradation times of 4 min for ozonation alone, 2 min for NiFeF-S1, and 1 min for NiO/NiFeF-S2 and NiO/NiFeF-S3. The NiO/NiFeF catalyst was synthesized via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, resulting in a porous structure with abundant active sites. Compared with conventional ozonation, NiO/NiFeF-S1 improved the total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate by 6.2-fold and maintained 87.5% of its activity after five reuse cycles, demonstrating excellent stability. High-resolution mass spectrometry revealed that catalytic ozonation generated fewer by-products (22 vs. 27 for ozonation alone) and promoted more selective pathways, including demethylation, ring-opening oxidation, and partial mineralization to CO2 and H2O. This enhanced performance is attributed to the synergy between NiO and NiFeF, which facilitates reactive oxygen species generation and electron transfer. These results demonstrate the potential of NiO/NiFeF as an efficient and stable catalyst for pharmaceutical removal from water.
Keywords: naproxen; catalytic ozonation; nickel-iron foam; NiO-deposited catalyst; ultrasonic spray pyrolysis; total organic carbon removal; ultrasonic spray pyrolysis naproxen; catalytic ozonation; nickel-iron foam; NiO-deposited catalyst; ultrasonic spray pyrolysis; total organic carbon removal; ultrasonic spray pyrolysis
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MDPI and ACS Style

Morejón Aguila, G.L.; Rodríguez Santillán, J.L.; Poznyak, T.; Cruz Narváez, Y.; Mendoza León, H.F.; Lartundo Rojas, L.; Ramos Torres, C.J.; Castro Arellano, J.J. Naproxen Degradation Using NiO Synthesized via Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis on Ni–Fe Foam by Ozone. Catalysts 2025, 15, 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100993

AMA Style

Morejón Aguila GL, Rodríguez Santillán JL, Poznyak T, Cruz Narváez Y, Mendoza León HF, Lartundo Rojas L, Ramos Torres CJ, Castro Arellano JJ. Naproxen Degradation Using NiO Synthesized via Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis on Ni–Fe Foam by Ozone. Catalysts. 2025; 15(10):993. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100993

Chicago/Turabian Style

Morejón Aguila, George Luis, Julia Liliana Rodríguez Santillán, Tatyana Poznyak, Yair Cruz Narváez, Héctor F. Mendoza León, Luis Lartundo Rojas, Claudia Jazmín Ramos Torres, and José J. Castro Arellano. 2025. "Naproxen Degradation Using NiO Synthesized via Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis on Ni–Fe Foam by Ozone" Catalysts 15, no. 10: 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100993

APA Style

Morejón Aguila, G. L., Rodríguez Santillán, J. L., Poznyak, T., Cruz Narváez, Y., Mendoza León, H. F., Lartundo Rojas, L., Ramos Torres, C. J., & Castro Arellano, J. J. (2025). Naproxen Degradation Using NiO Synthesized via Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis on Ni–Fe Foam by Ozone. Catalysts, 15(10), 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100993

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