Advancement and Challenges in Monitoring of CAR-T Cell Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Parameters and Markers in Hematological Malignancies
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. CAR-T Cell Monitoring
2.1. Quantitative Monitoring of CAR-T Cells
2.1.1. Polymerase Chain Reaction
2.1.2. Flow Cytometry
2.2. Monitoring of the Activity of CAR-T Cells
2.3. Phenotyping of T-Cell Subsets
3. Biomarkers and Parameters for Monitoring CAR-T Cell Therapy
3.1. Immune Checkpoint Molecules
3.2. Cytokines
3.3. ctDNA
4. Monitoring of the Adverse Effects of CAR-T Cell Therapy—Current Practice and Future Options
4.1. Cytokine Release Syndrome
4.2. Immune-Effector-Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome
4.3. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
4.4. Cytopenias/Marrow Hypoplasia
4.5. B-Cell Aplasia and Hypogammaglobulinemia
5. Conclusions and Future Direction
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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T-Cell Subset | Surface Marker Expression | References | |
---|---|---|---|
Naive T Cells (TN) | CD45RO-, CCR7+, CD45RA+, CD62L+, CD95-, | [22,72,96,97,98,99] | |
Stem-cell-memory T cells (TSCM) | CD45RO+, CCR7+, CD45RA+, CD62L+, CD95+ | [22,72,96,97,99] | |
Central memory T cells (TCM) | CD45RO+, CD45RA-, CCR7+, CD62L+, CD95+ | [22,72,96,97,99,100] | |
Effector memory T cells (TEM) | CD45RO+, CD45RA-, CCR7-, CD62L-, CD95+ | [22,72,96,97,99,100] | |
Effector T cells (TEFF) | CD45RO-, CD45RA+, CCR7-, CD62L-, CD95+ | [72,97,103] |
CRS Parameter | Grade 1 | Grade 2 | Grade 3 | Grade 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fever | Temperature ≥ 38 °C | Temperature ≥ 38 °C | Temperature ≥ 38 °C | Temperature ≥ 38 °C |
Hypotension | None | Not requiring vasopressors | Requiring a vasopressor with or without vasopressin | Requiring multiple vasopressors (excluding vasopressin) |
Hypoxia | None | Requiring low-flow nasal cannula or blow-by | Requiring high-flow nasal cannula, facemask, nonrebreather mask, or Venturi mask | Requiring positive pressure (e.g., CPAP, BiPAP, intubation and mechanical ventilation) |
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Ploch, W.; Sadowski, K.; Olejarz, W.; Basak, G.W. Advancement and Challenges in Monitoring of CAR-T Cell Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Parameters and Markers in Hematological Malignancies. Cancers 2024, 16, 3339. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16193339
Ploch W, Sadowski K, Olejarz W, Basak GW. Advancement and Challenges in Monitoring of CAR-T Cell Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Parameters and Markers in Hematological Malignancies. Cancers. 2024; 16(19):3339. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16193339
Chicago/Turabian StylePloch, Weronika, Karol Sadowski, Wioletta Olejarz, and Grzegorz W. Basak. 2024. "Advancement and Challenges in Monitoring of CAR-T Cell Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Parameters and Markers in Hematological Malignancies" Cancers 16, no. 19: 3339. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16193339
APA StylePloch, W., Sadowski, K., Olejarz, W., & Basak, G. W. (2024). Advancement and Challenges in Monitoring of CAR-T Cell Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Parameters and Markers in Hematological Malignancies. Cancers, 16(19), 3339. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16193339