Patient-Reported Outcomes of Regular Aerobic Exercise in Gastric Cancer
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Comorbidity
2.3.2. Regular Exercise
2.3.3. Depression
2.3.4. HRQOL
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Univariate Analyses: Association between Sociodemographic Characteristics and Both Depression and HRQOL
3.3. Univariate Analyses: Association between Sociodemographic Characteristics and Performing Exercise
3.4. Multivariate Analyses: Association between Depression and HRQOL
3.5. Multivariate Analyses: Association between Performing Regular Exercise and Both Depression and HRQOL
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sociodemographic Characteristics | n = 124 | PHQ Total Score | QL | PF | RF | EF | CF | SF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 83 (66.9) | 3.4 (4.3) | 63.7 (21.9) | 81.9 (16.5) | 85.6 (22.0) | 85.4 (17.2) | 88.9 (13.8) | 82.3 (19.2) |
Female | 41 (33.1) | 5.6 (5.0) | 56.5 (22.5) | 71.2 (17.9) | 72.4 (25.2) | 72.9 (25.5) | 80.9 (18.8) | 72.5 (27.9) |
p-value | 0.013 | 0.093 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.018 | 0.024 | |
Age (years) | ||||||||
<65 | 76 (61.3) | 4.4 (4.9) | 62.0 (22.2) | 79.9 (16.6) | 82.7 (21.8) | 82.1 (19.5) | 87.5 (15.9) | 78.4 (24.5) |
≥65 | 48 (38.7) | 3.8 (4.4) | 60.2 (22.7) | 75.8 (19.1) | 78.8 (26.8) | 80.2 (23.4) | 84.4 (16.1) | 80.2 (19.9) |
p-value | 0.533 | 0.663 | 0.213 | 0.385 | 0.626 | 0.279 | 0.677 | |
Marital status | ||||||||
No spouse | 29 (23.4) | 3.3 (4.2) | 58.3 (25.2) | 79.5 (19.4) | 76.8 (28.5) | 81.2 (25.4) | 85.1 (19.9) | 81.5 (20.8) |
With spouse | 95 (76.6) | 4.4 (4.8) | 62.2 (21.5) | 78.0 (17.2) | 82.5 (22.3) | 81.4 (19.8) | 86.6 (14.8) | 78.5 (23.3) |
p | 0.240 | 0.428 | 0.683 | 0.271 | 0.957 | 0.663 | 0.546 | |
Practice a religion | ||||||||
No | 45 (36.3) | 3.8 (4.4) | 59.4 (23.3) | 81.5 (16.8) | 85.5 (21.2) | 83.3 (19.3) | 88.0 (14.3) | 79.0 (23.7) |
Yes | 79 (63.7) | 4.3 (4.8) | 62.4 (21.8) | 76.5 (17.9) | 78.6 (25.0) | 80.2 (22.0) | 85.3 (16.9) | 79.2 (22.3) |
p | 0.539 | 0.476 | 0.132 | 0.122 | 0.425 | 0.352 | 0.956 | |
Current job status | ||||||||
No | 75 (60.5) | 4.4 (4.8) | 58.7 (23.5) | 75.3 (18.9) | 79.1 (26.0) | 79.2 (22.9) | 85.1 (16.2) | 75.1 (23.9) |
Yes | 49 (39.5) | 3.7 (4.5) | 65.2 (20.0) | 82.8 (14.5) | 84.4 (19.9) | 84.5 (17.6) | 88.0 (15.8) | 85.0 (19.7) |
p-value | 0.434 | 0.112 | 0.014 | 0.229 | 0.173 | 0.332 | 0.017 | |
Monthly household income (US$) | ||||||||
<2000 | 75 (60.5) | 4.1 (4.8) | 56.9 (21.5) | 75.5 (18.2) | 79.1 (26.5) | 78.6 (22.5) | 85.1 (15.9) | 77.5 (22.1) |
≥2000 | 49 (39.5) | 4.2 (4.5) | 68.0 (22.1) | 82.6 (16.0) | 84.4 (19.1) | 85.5 (18.0) | 88.1 (16.3) | 81.6 (23.6) |
p-value | 0.907 | 0.006 | 0.029 | 0.200 | 0.073 | 0.314 | 0.323 | |
Residence | ||||||||
Town, rural | 30 (24.2) | 5.8 (5.9) | 55.3 (15.8) | 68.7 (22.8) | 66.7 (29.4) | 73.9 (23.5) | 77.2 (21.2) | 69.5 (24.8) |
Metropolitan | 94 (75.8) | 3.6 (4.1) | 63.2 (23.8) | 81.4 (14.5) | 85.8 (19.8) | 83.7 (19.7) | 89.2 (12.9) | 82.1 (21.3) |
p-value | 0.025 | 0.040 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.027 | 0.006 | 0.009 | |
Health insurance | ||||||||
National health insurance | 100 (80.6) | 4.1 (4.5) | 60.9 (21.9) | 79.3 (17.5) | 82.0 (23.2) | 82.5 (20.3) | 86.9 (15.7 | 80.4 (22.1) |
Medical aid | 24 (19.4) | 4.3 (5.3) | 63.0 (24.2) | 74.4 (18.0) | 77.8 (26.8) | 77.0 (23.6) | 84.0 (17.7) | 74.0 (25.0) |
p-value | 0.870 | 0.670 | 0.232 | 0.440 | 0.246 | 0.427 | 0.208 | |
Number of family members | ||||||||
0–1 | 35 (28.2) | 4.1 (4.8) | 61.1 (19.8) | 75.2 (21.2) | 77.1 (25.9) | 78.3 (22.4) | 81.0 (20.0) | 77.1 (23.3) |
≥2 | 89 (71.8) | 4.2 (4.7) | 61.4 (23.4) | 79.5 (16.0) | 82.8 (22.9) | 82.6 (20.4) | 88.4 (13.7) | 79.9 (22.6) |
p-value | 0.928 | 0.955 | 0.224 | 0.240 | 0.315 | 0.046 | 0.543 | |
Private health insurance | ||||||||
No | 69 (55.7) | 4.3 (4.9) | 57.9 (23.5) | 77.5 (17.4) | 79.7 (25.6) | 79.2 (21.3) | 86.0 (15.5) | 75.5 (24.2) |
Yes | 55 (44.3) | 3.9 (4.2) | 65.6 (20.2) | 79.4 (18.1) | 83.0 (21.6) | 84.1 (20.5) | 86.7 (16.8) | 83.6 (20.2) |
p-value | 0.678 | 0.054 | 0.546 | 0.438 | 0.198 | 0.817 | 0.048 | |
Comorbidity index (modified PRO-CCI) | ||||||||
0 | 68 (54.8) | 3.8 (4.4) | 60.1 (24.3) | 81.2 (17.2) | 85.6 (22.5) | 84.5 (21.1) | 87.6 (15.4) | 79.8 (22.9) |
≥1 | 56 (45.2) | 4.6 (5.0) | 62.7 (19.9) | 74.9 (17.7) | 75.9 (24.6) | 77.8 (20.6) | 84.8 (16.8) | 78.4 (22.7) |
p-value | 0.323 | 0.513 | 0.048 | 0.024 | 0.078 | 0.341 | 0.729 |
Aerobic Exercise with Moderate Intensity at Least 150 min/wk for at Least 6 Months (n = 124) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic Characteristics | No (n = 81 [65%]) n (%) | Yes (n = 43 [35%]) n (%) | |
Sex | |||
Male | 54 (66.7) | 29 (67.4) | |
Female | 27 (33.3) | 14 (32.6) | 0.930 |
Age (years) | |||
<65 | 51 (63.0) | 25 (58.1) | |
≥65 | 30 (37.0) | 18 (41.9) | 0.599 |
Marital status | |||
No spouse | 19 (23.5) | 10 (23.3) | |
With spouse | 62 (76.5) | 33 (76.7) | 0.980 |
Practice a religion | |||
No | 30 (37.0) | 15 (34.9) | |
Yes | 51 (63.0) | 28 (65.1) | 0.812 |
Current job status | |||
No | 52 (64.2) | 23 (53.5) | |
Yes | 29 (35.8) | 20 (46.5) | 0.246 |
Monthly household income (US$) | |||
<2000 | 49 (60.5) | 26 (60.5) | |
≥2000 | 32 (39.5) | 17 (39.5) | 0.997 |
Residence | |||
Town, rural | 23 (28.4) | 7 (16.3) | |
Metropolitan | 58 (71.6) | 36 (83.7) | 0.134 |
Health insurance | |||
National health insurance | 65 (80.3) | 35 (81.4) | |
Medical aid | 16 (19.7) | 8 (18.6) | 0.878 |
Number of family members | |||
0–1 | 21 (25.9) | 14 (32.6) | |
≥2 | 60 (74.1) | 29 (67.4) | 0.435 |
Private health insurance | |||
No | 49 (60.5) | 20 (46.5) | |
Yes | 32 (39.5) | 23 (53.5) | 0.136 |
Comorbidity index (modified PRO-CCI Questionnaire) | |||
0 | 46 (56.8) | 22 (51.2) | |
≥1 | 35 (43.2) | 21 (48.8) | 0.549 |
Dependent Variable | The Patient Health Questionnaire (n = 124) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
No Depression (n = 88 [71%]) | Minimal to Severe Depression (n = 36 [29%]) | ||
Global QOL | |||
Low (<66.66), n (%) | 37 (42.1) | 25 (69.4) | |
High (≥66.66), n (%) | 51 (57.9) | 11 (30.6) | |
aORa (95% CI) for higher QOL (≥66.66) | 1 (reference) | 0.34 (0.14–0.83) | 0.019 |
Physical functioning (PF) | |||
Low (<66.66), n (%) | 10 (11.4) | 8 (22.2) | |
High (≥66.66), n (%) | 78 (88.6) | 28 (77.8) | |
aORa (95% CI) for higher PF (≥66.66) | 1 (reference) | 0.47 (0.15–1.51) | 0.205 |
Role functioning (RF) | |||
Low (<66.66), n (%) | 8 (9.1) | 10 (27.8) | |
High (≥66.66), n (%) | 80 (90.9) | 26 (72.2) | |
aORa (95% CI) for higher RF (≥66.66) | 1 (reference) | 0.25 (0.08–0.82) | 0.022 |
Emotional functioning (EF) | |||
Low (<66.66), n (%) | 8 (9.1) | 12 (33.3) | |
High (≥66.66), n (%) | 80 (90.9) | 24 (66.7) | |
aORa (95% CI) for higher EF (≥66.66) | 1 (reference) | 0.21 (0.07–0.65) | 0.007 |
Cognitive functioning (CF) | |||
Low (<66.66), n (%) | 5 (5.7) | 5 (13.9) | |
High (≥66.66), n (%) | 83 (94.3) | 31 (86.1) | |
aORa (95% CI) for higher CF (≥66.66) | 1 (reference) | 0.47 (0.11–2.11) | 0.327 |
Social functioning (SF) | |||
Low (<66.66), n (%) | 7 (8.0) | 15 (41.7) | |
High (≥66.66), n (%) | 81 (92.0) | 21 (58.3) | |
aORa (95% CI) for higher SF (≥66.66) | 1 (reference) | 0.04 (0.01–0.22) | <0.001 |
Aerobic Exercise with Moderate Intensity at Least 150 min/wk for at Least 6 Months | p | ||
---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variable | No (n = 81 [65%]) | Yes (n = 43 [35%]) | |
The Patient Health Questionnaire | |||
No depression, n (%) | 51 (63.0) | 37 (86.1) | |
Minimal to severe depression, n (%) | 30 (37.0) | 6 (13.9) | |
aORa (95% CI) for mild to severe depression | 1 (reference) | 0.27 (0.10–0.77) | 0.014 |
Global QOL | |||
Low (<66.66), n (%) | 49 (60.5) | 13 (30.2) | |
High (≥66.66), n (%) | 32 (39.5) | 30 (69.8) | |
aORa (95% CI) for higher QL (≥66.66) | 1 (reference) | 3.37 (1.43–7.96) | 0.006 |
Physical functioning (PF) | |||
Low (<66.66), n (%) | 16 (19.7) | 2 (4.6) | |
High (≥66.66), n (%) | 65 (80.3) | 41 (95.4) | |
aORa (95% CI) for higher PF (≥66.66) | 1 (reference) | 7.21 (1.23–42.17) | 0.028 |
Role functioning (RF) | |||
Low (<66.66), n (%) | 15 (18.5) | 3 (7.0) | |
High (≥66.66), n (%) | 66 (81.5) | 40 (93.0) | |
aORa (95% CI) for higher RF (≥66.66) | 1 (reference) | 4.89 (1.07–22.26) | 0.040 |
Emotional functioning (EF) | |||
Low (<66.66), n (%) | 18 (22.2) | 2 (4.6) | |
High (≥66.66), n (%) | 63 (77.8) | 41 (95.4) | |
aORa (95% CI) for higher EF (≥66.66) | 1 (reference) | 7.23 (1.42–36.79) | 0.017 |
Cognitive functioning (CF) | |||
Low (<66.66), n (%) | 8 (9.9) | 2 (4.6) | |
High (≥66.66), n (%) | 73 (90.1) | 41 (95.4) | |
aORa (95% CI) for higher CF (≥66.66) | 1 (reference) | 1.78 (0.28–11.16) | 0.538 |
Social functioning (SF) | |||
Low (<66.66), n (%) | 17 (23.0) | 5 (11.6) | |
High (≥66.66), n (%) | 64 (79.0) | 38 (88.4) | |
aORa (95% CI) for higher SF (≥66.66) | 1 (reference) | 1.03 (0.27–4.01) | 0.962 |
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Lee, M.-K.; Oh, J. Patient-Reported Outcomes of Regular Aerobic Exercise in Gastric Cancer. Cancers 2021, 13, 2080. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092080
Lee M-K, Oh J. Patient-Reported Outcomes of Regular Aerobic Exercise in Gastric Cancer. Cancers. 2021; 13(9):2080. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092080
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Myung-Kyung, and Jihyun Oh. 2021. "Patient-Reported Outcomes of Regular Aerobic Exercise in Gastric Cancer" Cancers 13, no. 9: 2080. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092080