Technical Advances in Segmentectomy for Lung Cancer: A Minimally Invasive Strategy for Deep, Small, and Impalpable Tumors
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Minimally Invasive Segmentectomy
2.1. Minimally Invasive Techniques for Complex Segmentectomy
2.2. Complex Segmentectomy for Single or Combined Basilar Segments
3. Planning and Navigation for Segmentectomy
3.1. Surgery-Oriented Classification of Segmental Anatomy, and Preoperative Planning for Segmentectomy
3.2. Intraoperative Navigation
3.3. Surgeon-Oriented Planning/Navigation Using a Novel 3DCT Software Dedicated for Lung Segmentectomy
4. Localization of Small Tumors
4.1. Computed Tomography-Guided Percutaneous Marker Placement
4.2. Bronchoscopic Marker Placement
4.2.1. Virtual-Assisted Lung Mapping (VAL-MAP)
4.2.2. Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) Marking
4.3. Intraoperative Ultrasonography without Marker Placement
5. Identification of the Intersegmental Plane
5.1. Selective Segmental Inflation
5.2. Indocyanine Green
6. Precision Lung Segmentectomy in Shinshu University Hospital
7. Limitations
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ginsberg, R.J.; Rubinstein, L.V. Randomized trial of lobectomy versus limited resection for T1 N0 non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer Study Group. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1995, 60, 615–622; discussion 622–613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janssen-Heijnen, M.L.; Houterman, S.; Lemmens, V.E.; Louwman, M.W.; Maas, H.A.; Coebergh, J.W.W. Prognostic impact of increasing age and co-morbidity in cancer patients: A population-based approach. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2005, 55, 231–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eguchi, T.; Bains, S.; Lee, M.C.; Tan, K.S. Impact of increasing age on cause-specific mortality and morbidity in patients with stage i non-small-cell lung cancer: A competing risks analysis. J. Clin. Oncol. 2017, 35, 281–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- The National Lung Screening Trial Research Team. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011, 365, 395–409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Shirvani, S.M.; Jiang, J.; Chang, J.Y.; Welsh, J.W.; Gomez, D.R.; Swisher, S.; Smith, B.D. Comparative effectiveness of 5 treatment strategies for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer in the elderly. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2012, 84, 1060–1070. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dai, C.; Shen, J.; Ren, Y.; Zhong, S.; Zheng, H.; He, J.; Xie, D.; Fei, K.; Liang, W.; Jiang, G.; et al. Choice of surgical procedure for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer ≤1 cm or >1 to 2 cm among lobectomy, segmentectomy, and wedge resection: A population-based study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2016, 34, 3175–3182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Boffa, D.J.; Dhamija, A.; Kosinski, A.S.; Kim, A.W.; Detterbeck, F.C.; Mitchell, J.D.; Paul, S. Fewer complications result from a video-assisted approach to anatomic resection of clinical stage I lung cancer. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2014, 148, 637–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bendixen, M.; Jørgensen, O.D.; Kronborg, C.; Andersen, C.; Licht, P.B. Postoperative pain and quality of life after lobectomy via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery or anterolateral thoracotomy for early stage lung cancer: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016, 17, 836–844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Darr, C.; Cheufou, D.; Weinreich, G.; Hachenberg, T.; Aigner, C.; Kampe, S. Robotic thoracic surgery results in shorter hospital stay and lower postoperative pain compared to open thoracotomy: A matched pairs analysis. Surg. Endosc. 2017, 31, 4126–4130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hristov, B.; Eguchi, T.; Bains, S.; Dycoco, J.; Tan, K.S.; Isbell, J.M.; Adusumilli, P.S. Minimally invasive lobectomy is associated with lower noncancer-specific mortality in elderly patients: A propensity score matched competing risks analysis. Ann. Surg. 2019, 270, 1161–1169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, A.; Deng, J.Z.; Raman, V.; Okusanya, O.T.; Baiu, I.; Berry, M.F.; D’Amico, T.A.; Yang, C.-F.J. A National analysis of minimally invasive vs open segmentectomy for stage IA non-small-cell lung cancer. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2020, 33, 535–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shimizu, K.; Nagashima, T.; Ohtaki, Y.; Obayashi, K.; Nakazawa, S.; Kamiyoshihara, M.; Igai, H.; Takeyoshi, I.; Mogi, A.; Kuwano, H. Analysis of the variation pattern in right upper pulmonary veins and establishment of simplified vein models for anatomical segmentectomy. Gen. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2016, 64, 604–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nagashima, T.; Shimizu, K.; Ohtaki, Y.; Obayashi, K.; Nakazawa, S.; Mogi, A.; Kuwano, H. Analysis of variation in bronchovascular pattern of the right middle and lower lobes of the lung using three-dimensional CT angiography and bronchography. Gen. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2017, 65, 343–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Eguchi, T.; Takasuna, K.; Kitazawa, A.; Sakaue, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Matsubara, M. Three-dimensional imaging navigation during a lung segmentectomy using an iPad. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2012, 41, 893–897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shimizu, K.; Nakazawa, S.; Nagashima, T.; Kuwano, H.; Mogi, A. 3D-CT anatomy for VATS segmentectomy. J. Vis. Surg. 2017, 3, 88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nakazawa, S.; Hanawa, R.; Nagashima, T.; Shimizu, K.; Yajima, T.; Shirabe, K. Segmentectomy guided by 3D images reconstructed from non-enhanced computed tomography data. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2020, 111, e301–e304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akiba, T.; Marushima, H.; Odaka, M.; Harada, J.; Kobayashi, S.; Morikawa, T. Pulmonary vein analysis using three-dimensional computed tomography angiography for thoracic surgery. Gen. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2010, 58, 331–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fukuhara, K.; Akashi, A.; Nakane, S.; Tomita, E. Preoperative assessment of the pulmonary artery by three-dimensional computed tomography before video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2008, 34, 875–877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Matsumoto, T.; Kanzaki, M.; Amiki, M.; Shimizu, T.; Maeda, H.; Sakamoto, K.; Ookubo, Y.; Onuki, T. Comparison of three software programs for three-dimensional graphic imaging as contrasted with operative findings. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2012, 41, 1098–1103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sato, M. Precise sublobar lung resection for small pulmonary nodules: Localization and beyond. Gen. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2020, 68, 684–691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Powell, T.I.; Jangra, D.; Clifton, J.C.; Lara-Guerra, H.; Church, N.; English, J.; Finley, R.J. Peripheral lung nodules: Fluoroscopically guided video-assisted thoracoscopic resection after computed tomography-guided localization using platinum microcoils. Ann. Surg. 2004, 240, 481–488; discussion 488–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yutaka, Y.; Sato, T.; Matsushita, K.; Aiba, H.; Muranishi, Y.; Sakaguchi, Y.; Sugiura, T.; Okada, M.; Nakamura, T.; Date, H. Three-dimensional navigation for thoracoscopic sublobar resection using a novel wireless marking system. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2018, 30, 230–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Andolfi, M.; Potenza, R.; Seguin-Givelet, A.; Gossot, D. Identification of the intersegmental plane during thoracoscopic segmentectomy: State of the art. Interact. Cardiovasc.Thorac. Surg. 2020, 30, 329–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yajima, T.; Shimizu, K.; Mogi, A.; Ibe, T.; Ohtaki, Y.; Obayashi, K.; Nakazawa, S.; Kawatani, N.; Shirabe, K. Pulmonary artery compression facilitates intersegmental border visualization. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2019, 108, e141–e143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakazawa, S.; Shimizu, K.; Mogi, A.; Kuwano, H. VATS segmentectomy: Past, present, and future. Gen. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2018, 66, 81–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Handa, Y.; Tsutani, Y.; Mimae, T.; Miyata, Y.; Okada, M. Complex segmentectomy in the treatment of stage IA non-small-cell lung cancer. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2020, 57, 114–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shimizu, K.; Mogi, A.; Yajima, T.; Nagashima, T.; Ohtaki, Y.; Obayashi, K.; Nakazawa, S.; Kosaka, T.; Kuwano, H. Thoracoscopic subsuperior segment segmentectomy. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2017, 104, e407–e410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shimizu, K.; Nagashima, T.; Yajima, T.; Ohtaki, Y.; Obayashi, K.; Nakazawa, S.; Kosaka, T.; Mogi, A.; Kuwano, H. Thoracoscopic medial-basal segment segmentectomy. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2017, 104, e403–e406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yajima, T.; Shimizu, K.; Mogi, A.; Kosaka, T.; Nakazawa, S.; Shirabe, K. Thoracoscopic right middle lobe segmentectomy. Gen. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2019, 67, 344–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ceppa, D.P.; Balderson, S.; D’Amico, T.A. Technique of thoracoscopic basilar segmentectomy. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2011, 23, 64–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Okada, M.; Sakamoto, T.; Yuki, T.; Mimura, T.; Miyoshi, K.; Tsubota, N. Hybrid surgical approach of video-assisted minithoracotomy for lung cancer: Significance of direct visualization on quality of surgery. Chest 2005, 128, 2696–2701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okada, M.; Mimura, T.; Ikegaki, J.; Katoh, H.; Itoh, H.; Tsubota, N. A novel video-assisted anatomic segmentectomy technique: Selective segmental inflation via bronchofiberoptic jet followed by cautery cutting. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2007, 133, 753–758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Endoh, M.; Oizumi, H.; Kato, H.; Suzuki, J.; Watarai, H.; Masaoka, T.; Sadahiro, M. Posterior approach to thoracoscopic pulmonary segmentectomy of the dorsal basal segment: A single-institute retrospective review. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2017, 154, 1432–1439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yajima, T.; Shimizu, K.; Mogi, A.; Kosaka, T.; Nakazawa, S.; Shirabe, K. Medial-basal segment (S(7))-sparing right basal segmentectomy. Gen. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2020, 68, 306–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pardolesi, A.; Park, B.; Petrella, F.; Borri, A.; Gasparri, R.; Veronesi, G. Robotic anatomic segmentectomy of the lung: Technical aspects and initial results. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2012, 94, 929–934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Veronesi, G.; Novellis, P.; Voulaz, E.; Alloisio, M. Robot-assisted surgery for lung cancer: State of the art and perspectives. Lung Cancer 2016, 101, 28–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perroni, G.; Veronesi, G. Robotic segmentectomy: Indication and technique. J. Thorac. Dis. 2020, 12, 3404–3410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdelsattar, Z.M.; Blackmon, S.H. Using novel technology to augment complex video-assisted thoracoscopic single basilar segmentectomy. J. Thorac. Dis. 2018, 10, S1168–S1178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Boyden, E.A. Analysis of variations of the bronchopulmonary segments in the left upper lobes of fifty lungs. Anat. Rec. 1946, 94, 450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nagashima, T.; Shimizu, K.; Ohtaki, Y.; Obayashi, K.; Kakegawa, S.; Nakazawa, S.; Kamiyoshihara, M.; Igai, H.; Takeyoshi, I. An analysis of variations in the bronchovascular pattern of the right upper lobe using three-dimensional CT angiography and bronchography. Gen. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2015, 63, 354–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakazawa, S.; Shimizu, K.; Kawatani, N.; Obayashi, K.; Ohtaki, Y.; Nagashima, T.; Eguchi, T.; Yajima, T.; Shirabe, K. Right upper lobe segmentectomy guided by simplified anatomic models. JTCVS Tech. 2020, 4, 288–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iguchi, T.; Hiraki, T.; Matsui, Y.; Fujiwara, H.; Masaoka, Y.; Tanaka, T.; Sato, T.; Gobara, H.; Toyooka, S.; Kanazawa, S. Preoperative short hookwire placement for small pulmonary lesions: Evaluation of technical success and risk factors for initial placement failure. Eur. Radiol. 2018, 28, 2194–2202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mack, M.J.; Gordon, M.J.; Postma, T.W.; Berger, M.S.; Aronoff, R.J.; Acuff, T.E.; Ryan, W.H. Percutaneous localization of pulmonary nodules for thoracoscopic lung resection. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1992, 53, 1123–1124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suzuki, K.; Shimohira, M.; Hashizume, T.; Ozawa, Y.; Sobue, R.; Mimura, M.; Mori, Y.; Ijima, H.; Watanabe, K.; Yano, M.; et al. Usefulness of CT-guided hookwire marking before video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for small pulmonary lesions. J. Med. Imaging Radiat. Oncol. 2014, 58, 657–662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bommart, S.; Bourdin, A.; Marin, G.; Berthet, J.P.; Pujol, J.L.; Serre, I.; Molinari, N.; Marty-Ané, C.; Kovacsik, H. Impact of preoperative marking coils on surgical and pathologic management of impalpable lung nodules. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2014, 97, 414–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hajjar, W.; Al-Nassar, S.; Almousa, O.; Rahal, S.; Al-Aqeed, A.; Iftikhar, A.; Aboreid, F. Thoracoscopic resection of suspected metastatic pulmonary nodules after microcoil localization technique: A prospective study. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2017, 58, 606–612. [Google Scholar]
- Lizza, N.; Eucher, P.; Haxhe, J.-J.; De Wispelaere, J.-F.; Johnson, P.M.; Delaunois, L. Thoracoscopic resection of pulmonary nodules after computed tomographic-guided coil labeling. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2001, 71, 986–988. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, T.H.; Fan, Y.F.; Jin, L.; He, W.; Hu, L.-B. CT-guided localization of small pulmonary nodules using adjacent microcoil implantation prior to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical resection. Eur. Radiol. 2015, 25, 2627–2633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kerrigan, D.C.; Spence, P.A.; Crittenden, M.D.; Tripp, M.D. Methylene blue guidance for simplified resection of a lung lesion. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1992, 53, 163–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lenglinger, F.X.; Schwarz, C.D.; Artmann, W. Localization of pulmonary nodules before thoracoscopic surgery: Value of percutaneous staining with methylene blue. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 1994, 163, 297–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Anayama, T.; Hirohashi, K.; Miyazaki, R.; Okada, H.; Kawamoto, N.; Yamamoto, M.; Sato, T.; Orihashi, K. Near-infrared dye marking for thoracoscopic resection of small-sized pulmonary nodules: Comparison of percutaneous and bronchoscopic injection techniques. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2018, 13, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ujiie, H.; Kato, T.; Hu, H.P.; Patel, P.; Wada, H.; Fujino, K.; Yasufuku, K. A novel minimally invasive near-infrared thoracoscopic localization technique of small pulmonary nodules: A phase I feasibility trial. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2017, 154, 702–711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ikeda, K.; Nomori, H.; Mori, T.; Kobayashi, H.; Iwatani, K.; Yoshimoto, K.; Kawanaka, K.I. Impalpable pulmonary nodules with ground-glass opacity: Success for making pathologic sections with preoperative marking by lipiodol. Chest 2007, 131, 502–506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nomori, H.; Horio, H.; Naruke, T.; Suemasu, K. Fluoroscopy-assisted thoracoscopic resection of lung nodules marked with lipiodol. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2002, 74, 170–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Watanabe, K.; Nomori, H.; Ohtsuka, T.; Kaji, M.; Naruke, T.; Suemasu, K. Usefulness and complications of computed tomography-guided lipiodol marking for fluoroscopy-assisted thoracoscopic resection of small pulmonary nodules: Experience with 174 nodules. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2006, 132, 320–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Manca, G.; Davini, F.; Tardelli, E.; De Liperi, A.; Falaschi, F.; Melfi, F.; Boni, G. Clinical Impact of Radioguided localization in the treatment of solitary pulmonary nodule: A 20-year retrospective analysis. Clin. Nucl. Med. 2018, 43, 317–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sugi, K.; Kaneda, Y.; Hirasawa, K.; Kunitani, N. Radioisotope marking under CT guidance and localization using a handheld gamma probe for small or indistinct pulmonary lesions. Chest 2003, 124, 155–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Miyoshi, T.; Kondo, K.; Takizawa, H.; Kenzaki, K.; Fujino, H.; Sakiyama, S.; Tangoku, A. Fluoroscopy-assisted thoracoscopic resection of pulmonary nodules after computed tomography-Guided bronchoscopic metallic coil marking. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2006, 131, 704–710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Toba, H.; Kondo, K.; Miyoshi, T.; Kajiura, K.; Yoshida, M.; Kawakami, Y.; Takizawa, H.; Kenzaki, K.; Sakiyama, S.; Tangoku, A. Fluoroscopy-assisted thoracoscopic resection after computed tomography-guided bronchoscopic metallic coil marking for small peripheral pulmonary lesions. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2013, 44, e126–e132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Endo, M.; Kotani, Y.; Satouchi, M.; Takada, Y.; Sakamoto, T.; Tsubota, N.; Furukawa, H. CT fluoroscopy-guided bronchoscopic dye marking for resection of small peripheral pulmonary nodules. Chest 2004, 125, 1747–1752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sakamoto, T.; Takada, Y.; Endoh, M.; Matsuoka, H.; Tsubota, N. Bronchoscopic dye injection for localization of small pulmonary nodules in thoracoscopic surgery. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2001, 72, 296–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sato, M.; Omasa, M.; Chen, F.; Sato, T.; Sonobe, M.; Bando, T.; Date, H. Use of virtual assisted lung mapping (VAL-MAP), a bronchoscopic multispot dye-marking technique using virtual images, for precise navigation of thoracoscopic sublobar lung resection. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2014, 147, 1813–1819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Okumura, T.; Kondo, H.; Suzuki, K.; Asamura, H.; Kobayashi, T.; Kaneko, M.; Tsuchiya, R. Fluoroscopy-assisted thoracoscopic surgery after computed tomography-guided bronchoscopic barium marking. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2001, 71, 439–442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Asano, F.; Shindoh, J.; Shigemitsu, K.; Miya, K.; Abe, T.; Horiba, M.; Ishihara, Y. Ultrathin bronchoscopic barium marking with virtual bronchoscopic navigation for fluoroscopy-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Chest 2004, 126, 1687–1693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yutaka, Y.; Sato, T.; Zhang, J.; Matsushita, K.; Aiba, H.; Muranishi, Y.; Sakaguchi, Y.; Komatsu, T.; Kojima, F.; Nakamura, T.; et al. Localizing small lung lesions in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery via radiofrequency identification marking. Surg. Endosc. 2017, 31, 3353–3362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kojima, F.; Sato, T.; Takahata, H.; Okada, M.; Sugiura, T.; Oshiro, O.; Date, H.; Nakamura, T. A novel surgical marking system for small peripheral lung nodules based on radio frequency identification technology: Feasibility study in a canine model. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2014, 147, 1384–1389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kojima, F.; Sato, T.; Tsunoda, S.; Takahata, H.; Hamaji, M.; Komatsu, T.; Okada, M.; Sugiura, T.; Oshiro, O.; Sakai, Y.; et al. Development of a novel marking system for laparoscopic gastrectomy using endoclips with radio frequency identification tags: Feasibility study in a canine model. Surg. Endosc. 2014, 28, 2752–2759. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Greenfield, A.L.; Steiner, R.M.; Liu, J.B.; Cohn, H.E.; Goldberg, B.B.; Rawool, N.M.; Merton, D.A. Sonographic guidance for the localization of peripheral pulmonary nodules during thoracoscopy. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 1997, 168, 1057–1060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Khereba, M.; Ferraro, P.; Duranceau, A.; Martin, J.; Goudie, E.; Thiffault, V.; Liberman, M. Thoracoscopic localization of intraparenchymal pulmonary nodules using direct intracavitary thoracoscopic ultrasonography prevents conversion of VATS procedures to thoracotomy in selected patients. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2012, 144, 1160–1165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kondo, R.; Yoshida, K.; Hamanaka, K.; Hashizume, M.; Ushiyama, T.; Hyogotani, A.; Kurai, M.; Kawakami, S.; Fukushima, M.; Amano, J. Intraoperative ultrasonographic localization of pulmonary ground-glass opacities. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2009, 138, 837–842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Matsumoto, S.; Hirata, T.; Ogawa, E.; Fukuse, T.; Ueda, H.; Koyama, T.; Nakamura, T.; Wada, H. Ultrasonographic evaluation of small nodules in the peripheral lung during video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2004, 26, 469–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Santambrogio, R.; Montorsi, M.; Bianchi, P.P.; Mantovani, A.; Ghelma, F.; Mezzetti, M. Intraoperative ultrasound during thoracoscopic procedures for solitary pulmonary nodules. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1999, 68, 218–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Horan, T.A.; Pinheiro, P.M.; Araújo, L.M.; Santiago, F.F.; Rodrigues, M.R. Massive gas embolism during pulmonary nodule hook wire localization. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2002, 73, 1647–1649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sakiyama, S.; Kondo, K.; Matsuoka, H.; Yoshida, M.; Miyoshi, T.; Yoshida, S.; Monden, Y. Fatal air embolism during computed tomography-guided pulmonary marking with a hook-type marker. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2003, 126, 1207–1209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Iguchi, T.; Yoshioka, T.; Muro, M.; Miyasho, K.; Inoue, D.; Hiraki, T.; Kanazawa, S. Systemic air embolism during preoperative pulmonary marking with a short hook wire and suture system under CT fluoroscopy guidance. Jpn. J. Radiol. 2009, 27, 385–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thistlethwaite, P.A.; Gower, J.R.; Hernandez, M.; Zhang, Y.; Picel, A.C.; Roberts, A.C. Needle localization of small pulmonary nodules: Lessons learned. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2018, 155, 2140–2147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sato, M.; Kobayashi, M.; Kojima, F.; Tanaka, F.; Yanagiya, M.; Kosaka, S.; Fukai, R.; Nakajima, J. Effect of virtual-assisted lung mapping in acquisition of surgical margins in sublobar lung resection. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2018, 156, 1691–1701.e1695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sato, M.; Nagayama, K.; Kobayashi, M.; Nakajima, J. Virtual-assisted lung mapping 2.0: Preoperative bronchoscopic three-dimensional lung mapping. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2019, 108, 269–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kato, A.; Yasuo, M.; Tokoro, Y.; Kobayashi, T.; Ichiyama, T.; Tateishi, K.; Ushiki, A.; Urushihata, K.; Yamamoto, H.; Hanaoka, M. Virtual bronchoscopic navigation as an aid to CT-guided transbronchial biopsy improves the diagnostic yield for small peripheral pulmonary lesions. Respirology 2018, 23, 1049–1054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sato, T.; Yutaka, Y.; Ueda, Y.; Hamaji, M.; Motoyama, H.; Menju, T.; Aoyama, A.; Chen-Yoshikawa, T.F.; Sonobe, M.; Date, H. Diagnostic yield of electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy: Results of initial 35 cases in a Japanese institute. J. Thorac. Dis. 2018, 10, S1615–S1619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Overholt, R.H.; Woods, F.M.; Betts, R.H. An improved method of resection of pulmonary segments; report of a technique applied in 70 operations. J. Thorac. Surg. 1948, 17, 464–479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsubota, N. An improved method for distinguishing the intersegmental plane of the lung. Surg. Today 2000, 30, 963–964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kamiyoshihara, M.; Kakegawa, S.; Morishita, Y. Convenient and improved method to distinguish the intersegmental plane in pulmonary segmentectomy using a butterfly needle. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2007, 83, 1913–1914. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oizumi, H.; Kato, H.; Endoh, M.; Inoue, T.; Watarai, H.; Sadahiro, M. Slip knot bronchial ligation method for thoracoscopic lung segmentectomy. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2014, 97, 1456–1458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.; Xu, X.; Wen, W.; Wu, W.; Zhu, Q.; Chen, L. Modified method for distinguishing the intersegmental border for lung segmentectomy. Thorac. Cancer 2018, 9, 330–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Misaki, N.; Chang, S.S.; Gotoh, M.; Yamamoto, Y.; Satoh, K.; Yokomise, H. A novel method for determining adjacent lung segments with infrared thoracoscopy. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2009, 138, 613–618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Misaki, N.; Chang, S.S.; Igai, H.; Tarumi, S.; Gotoh, M.; Yokomise, H. New clinically applicable method for visualizing adjacent lung segments using an infrared thoracoscopy system. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2010, 140, 752–756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mun, M.; Okumura, S.; Nakao, M.; Matsuura, Y.; Nakagawa, K. Indocyanine green fluorescence-navigated thoracoscopic anatomical segmentectomy. J. Vis. Surg. 2017, 3, 80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tarumi, S.; Misaki, N.; Kasai, Y.; Chang, S.S.; Go, T.; Yokomise, H. Clinical trial of video-assisted thoracoscopic segmentectomy using infrared thoracoscopy with indocyanine green. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2014, 46, 112–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sekine, Y.; Ko, E.; Oishi, H.; Miwa, M. A simple and effective technique for identification of intersegmental planes by infrared thoracoscopy after transbronchial injection of indocyanine green. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2012, 143, 1330–1335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhang, Z.; Liao, Y.; Ai, B.; Liu, C. Methylene blue staining: A new technique for identifying intersegmental planes in anatomic segmentectomy. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2015, 99, 238–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Markers | Preoperative Confirmation | Intraoperative Detection | Access to Deep Lesion | Multiple markers # | Real-Time Monitoring * | Pneumo-Thorax | Air Embolism | Other Complications | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CT-guided percutaneous approach | |||||||||
Hookwire [42,43,44] | Hookwire | CT | Visual (string) | Difficult ¶ | No | No | Yes (38%) [44] | Yes (0.6%) [44] | Dislocation, hemorrhage |
Microcoil [21,45,46,47,48] | Microcoil | CT | Fluoroscopy, CBCT | Difficult ¶ | No | No | Yes (70%) [45] | Unknown § | Dislocation |
Dye [49,50,51,52] | Methylene blue, indigo carmine, ICG | N/A | Visual (dye) | Difficult ¶ | No | No | Yes (20%) [51] | Unknown § | Limited retention with diffusion, pleural spillage |
Contrast media [53,54,55] | Lipiodol, barium | CT | Fluoroscopy, CBCT | Difficult ¶ | No | No | Yes (17%) [55] | Unknown § | Hemosputum |
Radioisotope [56,57] | Technetium 99 | Nuclear scintigram | Gamma probe | Difficult ¶ | No | Yes | Yes (8%) [57] | Unknown § | Pleural spillage |
Bronchoscopic approach | |||||||||
Microcoil [58,59] | Microcoil | CT | Fluoroscopy, CBCT | Relatively easy ¶ | No | No | Unknown § | Unknown § | Dislocation |
Dye [60,61,62] | Methylene blue, indigo carmine, ICG | N/A | Visual (dye) | Relatively easy ¶ | No | No | Unknown § | Unknown § | Limited retention with diffusion |
VAL-MAP [20] | Indigo carmine (and microcoil) | CT | Visual (dye), fluoroscopy, CBCT | Relatively easy ¶ | No | No | Unknown § | Unknown § | Hemorrhage |
Contrast media [63,64] | Barium | CT | Fluoroscopy, CBCT | Relatively easy ¶ | No | No | Unknown § | Unknown § | Inflammatory change to barium |
RFID [22,65,66,67] | RFID tag | CT | RFID probe, fluoroscopy, CBCT | Relatively easy ¶ | Yes | Yes | Unknown § | Unknown § | Dislocation |
Imaging guidance without marker | |||||||||
Ultrasonography [68,69,70,71,72] | No marker | N/A | US | Difficult ¶ | N/A | Yes | No | No |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Eguchi, T.; Sato, T.; Shimizu, K. Technical Advances in Segmentectomy for Lung Cancer: A Minimally Invasive Strategy for Deep, Small, and Impalpable Tumors. Cancers 2021, 13, 3137. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133137
Eguchi T, Sato T, Shimizu K. Technical Advances in Segmentectomy for Lung Cancer: A Minimally Invasive Strategy for Deep, Small, and Impalpable Tumors. Cancers. 2021; 13(13):3137. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133137
Chicago/Turabian StyleEguchi, Takashi, Toshihiko Sato, and Kimihiro Shimizu. 2021. "Technical Advances in Segmentectomy for Lung Cancer: A Minimally Invasive Strategy for Deep, Small, and Impalpable Tumors" Cancers 13, no. 13: 3137. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133137