The Future of Immunotherapy-Based Combination Therapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
1
Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
2
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
3
Yuma Regional Medical Center, Yuma, AZ 85364, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2020, 12(1), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12010143
Received: 8 December 2019
/
Revised: 3 January 2020
/
Accepted: 6 January 2020
/
Published: 7 January 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renal Cell Carcinoma)
In the past two decades, there has been a significant improvement in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC). These insights in the biological pathways have resulted in the development of multiple agents targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as well as inhibitors of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Most recently, checkpoint inhibitors were shown to have excellent clinical efficacy. Although the patients are living longer, durable complete responses are rarely seen. Historically, high dose interleukin 2 (IL2) therapy has produced durable complete responses in 5% to 8% highly selected patients—albeit with significant toxicity. A durable complete response is a surrogate for a long-term response in the modern era of targeted therapy and checkpoint immunotherapy. Numerous clinical trials are currently exploring the combination of immunotherapy with various targeted therapeutic agents to develop therapies with a higher complete response rate with acceptable toxicity. in this study, we provide a comprehensive review of multiple reported and ongoing clinical trials evaluating the combination of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors with either ipilimumab (a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, CTLA-4 inhibitor) or with anti-VEGF targeted therapy.
View Full-Text
▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Garje, R.; An, J.; Greco, A.; Vaddepally, R.K.; Zakharia, Y. The Future of Immunotherapy-Based Combination Therapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers 2020, 12, 143. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12010143
AMA Style
Garje R, An J, Greco A, Vaddepally RK, Zakharia Y. The Future of Immunotherapy-Based Combination Therapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers. 2020; 12(1):143. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12010143
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarje, Rohan, Josiah An, Austin Greco, Raju K. Vaddepally, and Yousef Zakharia. 2020. "The Future of Immunotherapy-Based Combination Therapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma" Cancers 12, no. 1: 143. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12010143
Find Other Styles
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
