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Toxins
Volume 17
Issue 8
10.3390/toxins17080396
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Is There a “Non-Motor Effect” of Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Cervical Dystonia in Addition to Its Effects on Motor Symptoms?

by
Małgorzata Dudzic
1,*,
Anna Pieczyńska
2,
Artur Drużdż
1,
Anna Rajewska
1 and
Katarzyna Hojan
2,3,4,*
1
Department of Neurology, Joseph Strus Municipal Hospital in Poznan, 61-285 Poznan, Poland
2
Department of Occupational Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
3
Department of Rehabilitation, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
4
Neurorehabilitation Ward, Greater Poland Provincial Hospital, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2025, 17(8), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17080396 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 27 June 2025 / Revised: 24 July 2025 / Accepted: 5 August 2025 / Published: 6 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Treatment of Movement Disorders with Botulinum Toxins)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The efficacy of botulinum toxin A (BoNT) in alleviating motor symptoms of cervical dystonia (CD) has been well established, and it is the treatment of choice in this disease. Lately, the effect of BoNT on non-motor symptoms (NMS) such as cognitive function, depression, anxiety, pain, and sleep disturbance has been observed in patients with CD. A comprehensive clinical and functional assessment of motor (dystonia severity, gait) and non-motor symptoms (cognitive functions, depression, anxiety, sleep, and pain) has been performed in a total of 34 adult patients with cervical dystonia before and after BoNT treatment. Results have also been compared to a control group. Significant improvements in the scales assessing dystonia severity have been observed, which is in line with previous studies on the effect of BoNT on motor symptoms in dystonia. Interestingly, the results also clearly indicate that BoNT has a positive effect on NMS. Among the studied non-motor domains, depression and cognitive functions improved the most after the treatment procedure. The study highlights the potential of BoNT to positively influence non-motor symptoms in patients with cervical dystonia, although its effect on various NMS is not equal.
Keywords: cervical dystonia; non-motor symptoms; cognitive impairment; depression; anxiety; social anxiety; sleep disturbances; botulinum toxin type A; optimization of results cervical dystonia; non-motor symptoms; cognitive impairment; depression; anxiety; social anxiety; sleep disturbances; botulinum toxin type A; optimization of results

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MDPI and ACS Style

Dudzic, M.; Pieczyńska, A.; Drużdż, A.; Rajewska, A.; Hojan, K. Is There a “Non-Motor Effect” of Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Cervical Dystonia in Addition to Its Effects on Motor Symptoms? Toxins 2025, 17, 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17080396

AMA Style

Dudzic M, Pieczyńska A, Drużdż A, Rajewska A, Hojan K. Is There a “Non-Motor Effect” of Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Cervical Dystonia in Addition to Its Effects on Motor Symptoms? Toxins. 2025; 17(8):396. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17080396

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dudzic, Małgorzata, Anna Pieczyńska, Artur Drużdż, Anna Rajewska, and Katarzyna Hojan. 2025. "Is There a “Non-Motor Effect” of Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Cervical Dystonia in Addition to Its Effects on Motor Symptoms?" Toxins 17, no. 8: 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17080396

APA Style

Dudzic, M., Pieczyńska, A., Drużdż, A., Rajewska, A., & Hojan, K. (2025). Is There a “Non-Motor Effect” of Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Cervical Dystonia in Addition to Its Effects on Motor Symptoms? Toxins, 17(8), 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17080396

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