Evaluation of Mycotoxins in Infant Breast Milk and Infant Food, Reviewing the Literature Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Prevalence of Mycotoxins in Breast Milk and Baby Foods
2.1.1. Presence of AFM1 and OTA in Breast Milk
2.1.2. Presence of Mycotoxins in Infant Formulas
2.1.3. Presence of Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Products for Infant
2.1.4. Presence of Mycotoxins in Fruit-Based Products for Infants
2.2. Estimated Daily Intake of Mycotoxins in Infant Food Products
2.2.1. Estimated Daily Intake of Mycotoxins with Consumption of Breastfeeding
2.2.2. Estimated Daily Intake of Mycotoxin with Consumption of Infant Formula
2.2.3. Estimated Daily Intake of Mycotoxin with Consumption of Cereal-Based Children’s Products
2.2.4. Estimated Daily Intake of Mycotoxin with Consumption of Children’s Fruit Products
2.3. Evaluation of the Risk in Children of Exposure to Mycotoxins through Infant Feeding
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Origin | N | Positives (>LOD) | Occurrence (%) | LOD (ng/L) | Range (ng/L) | Mean (ng/L) | Analitycal Method | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa | ||||||||
Cameroon | 62 | 3 | 5 | nr | 5–62 | nr | HPLC/FD | [22] |
Egypt | 150 | 98 | 65 | nr | 200–19,000 | 7100 | ELISA | |
Egypt | 125 | 87 | 70 | nr | 7–329 | 74 | ELISA | [25] |
Ghana | 264 | 59 | 22 | nr | 20–1816 | nr | HPLC/FD | [4] |
Kenya | 204 | 129 | 63 | nr | 1–153 | 5 | ELISA/HPLC-FD | [22] |
Nigeria | 310 | 171 | 55 | 10 | <LOD–601 | 61.5 | HPLC/FD | |
Sudan | 94 | 51 | 54 | 13 | <LOD–2561 | 401 | HPLC/FD | |
Tanzania | 143 | 143 | 100 | 5 | 10–550 | 70 | HPLC/FD | |
Zimbabwe | 54 | 6 | 11 | nr | 0.2–50 | nr | ELISA | [4] |
Total | 0.2–1900 | 1110 | ||||||
America | ||||||||
Brazil | 310 | 0 | 0 | 6.25 | 0 | 0 | LM-MS-MS | [22] |
194 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 13–25 | 9 | HPLC/FD | ||
Colombia | 50 | 45 | 90 | 0.6 | 1–19 | 5 | HPLC/FD | |
Ecuador | 78 | 67 | 86 | 33 | 53–458 | 45 | HPLC/FD | [22] |
Mexico | 112 | 100 | 89 | nr | 3–34 | 12 | ELISA | [22] |
Total | <1–458 | 16 | ||||||
Asia | ||||||||
Arab Emirates | 201 | 107 | 53 | nr | 210–4060 | nr | HPLC/FD | [4] |
Iraq | 20 | 16 | 80 | nr | 100–3010 | nr | TLC | [22] |
734 | 369 | 50 | nr | <1–27 | 6 | ELISA | ||
250 | 39 | 16 | 2.3 | 11–40 | 5 | HPLC/FD | ||
Iran | 88 | 88 | 100 | nr | 0.1–14 | 3 | ELISA | [26] |
Jordan | 80 | 80 | 100 | nr | 10–137 | 68 | ELISA | [22] |
Lebanon | 111 | 104 | 94 | nr | <1–8 | 4.5 | ELISA | |
Malaysia | 102 | 0 | 0 | 13 | nr | nr | HPLC/FD | |
Pakistan | 125 | 94 | 75 | nr | <1 | nr | ELISA | |
Total | <1–4060 | 11 | ||||||
Europe | ||||||||
Cyprus | 50 | 40 | 80 | 5 | 5–28 | 8 | ELISA | [22] |
Italy | 82 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 7–140 | 55 | HPLC/FD | |
Portugal | 67 | 22 | 33 | 5 | 5.1–10.6 | 7 | ELISA | [24] |
Serbia | 70 | 33 | 47 | 2 | 5–570 | 190 | ELISA | |
Turkey | 61 | 8 | 13 | 5 | 5.1–6.9 | 6 | HPLC/FD | [27] |
Turkey | 75 | 75 | 100 | 5 | 61–300 | nr | HPLC/FD | [23] |
Turkey | 217 | 93 | 43 | nr | 1–80 | 9 | ELISA | [22] |
Total | 1–570 | 54 | ||||||
TOTAL | <1–19,000 | 264 |
Origin | N | Positives (>LOD) | Occurrence (%) | LOD (ng/L) | Range (ng/L) | Mean (ng/L) | Analitycal Method | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa | ||||||||
Egypt | 120 | 43 | 36 | nr | 5.1–45 | 21.6 | HPLC/FD | [4] |
Sierra Leone | 113 | 40 | 35 | 200 | 200–337 | nr | HPLC/FD | |
Total | 5.1–337 | 21.6 | ||||||
America | ||||||||
Brazil | 224 | 0 | 0 | 30 | nr | nr | LC-MS/MS | [22] |
Brazil | 100 | 66 | 66 | 1 | 1–21 | 4 | HPLC/FD | |
Chile | 11 | 11 | 100 | 10 | 44–184 | 106 | HPLC/FD | |
Chile | 50 | 40 | 80 | 10 | 10–186 | 52 | LC-MS | |
Total | 1–186 | 54 | ||||||
Asia | ||||||||
Iran | 136 | 5 | 4 | nr | 5–16 | nr | HPLC/FD | [22] |
171 | 168 | 98 | nr | 2–7340 | 1007 | ELISA | ||
Total | 2–7340 | 1007 | ||||||
Europe | ||||||||
Slovakia | 76 | 23 | 30 | 5 | <LOD–60 | nr | HPLC/FD | [4] |
Italy | 82 | 61 | 74 | 2 | 5–405 | 30 | HPLC/FD | [22] |
Italy | 57 | 45 | 79 | 1 | 1–75 | 10 | HPLC/FD | [20] |
Turkey | 75 | 75 | 100 | 10 | 621–13,111 | nr | HPLC/FD | [23] |
Turkey | 160 | 124 | 77 | nr | 761–1724 | 538 | ELISA | [22] |
Total | 1–13,111 | 279 | ||||||
TOTAL | 1–13,111 | 331 |
Mycotoxin (ML, ng/kg) | Origin | N | Positives (>LOD) | Occurrence (%) | LOD (ng/kg) | Range (ng/kg) | Mean (ng/kg) | Analitycal Method | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AFB1 (100) | Africa | ||||||||
Burkina Faso | 199 | 167 | 84 | 300 | <LOD–87,400 | 3800 | HPLC | [22] | |
Europe | |||||||||
Portugal | 7 | 1 | 14 | 1 | <LOD–3 | nr | HPLC | [22] | |
TOTAL | <LOD–87,400 | 3800 | |||||||
AFM1 (25) | Africa | ||||||||
Egypt | 125 | 54 | 43 | <50 | <LOD–21.8 | 9.8 | ELISA | [25] | |
America | |||||||||
Brazil | 16 | 7 | 44 | 3 | <LOD–46 | 24 | HPLC | [22] | |
Europe | |||||||||
Spain | 69 | 26 | 38 | 1.8 | <LOD–11.6 | 3.1 | HPLC | [29] | |
Italy | 185 | 2 | 1 | 3 | <LOD–15 | 14 | HPLC | [22] | |
Italy | 13 | 0 | 0 | 15 | nr | 0 | LC-MS/MS | ||
Portugal | 7 | 6 | 86 | 4 | <LOD–410 | nr | HPLC | ||
Turkey | 62 | 5 | 8 | 5 | <LOD–22 | 18 | HPLC | ||
Turkey | 34 | 1 | 9 | 5000 | nr | 6.1 | ELISA | [30] | |
Total Europe | 0.6–41 | 8.2 | |||||||
TOTAL | 0.3–41 | 10.71 | |||||||
NIV (nl) | Asia | ||||||||
South Korea | 16 | 3 | 19 | 4400 | 16,500–17,900 | 3200 | UHPLC/UV | [28] | |
OTA (500) | Africa | ||||||||
Burkina Faso | 199 | 15 | 8 | 50 | <LOD–3200 | 100 | HPLC | [22] | |
America | |||||||||
Canada | 416 | 57 | 14 | 40 | <LOD–886 | 145 | LC-MS/MS | [22] | |
Europe | |||||||||
Italy | 185 | 133 | 72 | 1 | <LOD–690 | 88 | HPLC | [22] | |
Portugal | 7 | 3 | 43 | 9 | <LOD–136 | nr | HPLC | ||
Turkey | 62 | 12 | 19 | 6 | <LOD–184 | 20 | HPLC | ||
Total Europe | <LOD–690 | 54 | |||||||
TOTAL | <LOD–3200 | 88 | |||||||
ZEN (20000) | Asia | ||||||||
South Korea | 36 | 9 | 25 | 2500 | 3300–17,600 | nr | UHPLC | [22] | |
Europe | |||||||||
Italy | 130 | 11 | 8 | 760 | 420–760 | 26 | HPLC | [31] | |
TOTAL | 420–17,600 | 26 |
Origin | Mycotoxin | N | Positives (>LOD) | Occurrence (%) | LOD (µg/kg) | Range (µg/kg) | Mean (µg/kg) | ML (µg/kg) | Analitycal Method | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa | ||||||||||
Morocco | FB1 | 20 | 1 | 5 | 0.1 | <LOD–2 | 2 | 200 | LC-MS/MS | [22] |
FB2 | 20 | 1 | 5 | 0.1 | <LOD–2.3 | 1.8 | 200 | LC-MS/MS
GC-MS/MS | ||
Tusiana | DON | 32 | 20 | 63 | 1.6 | 5–110 | 30 | 200 | LC-MS/MS GC-MS/MS | [33] |
15-ADON | 32 | 3 | 9 | 3.1 | 9–20 | 1 | 200 | |||
HT-2 | 32 | 1 | 3 | 0.0178 | 149–209 | 1 | nl | |||
ZEN | 32 | 11 | 34 | 8.8 | <LOD–44 | 1 | 20 | |||
ENB | 32 | 20 | 63 | 3 | 6–93 | 30 | nl | |||
America | ||||||||||
Canada | OTA | 627 | 260 | 41 | 0.040 | <LOD–4.8 | 0.59 | 500 | LC-MS | [22] |
United States | OTA | 64 | 19 | 30 | 0.1 | 1–14.4 | nr | 500 | LC-MS/MS | [34] |
DON | 64 | 42 | 66 | 0.1 | 1.4–147 | nr | 200 | |||
AFB1 | 64 | 3 | 5 | 0.025 | 2.4–5.9 | nr | 100 | |||
AFB2 | 64 | 14 | 22 | 0.010 | 1.1–1.5 | nr | nl | |||
AFG1 | 64 | 0 | 0 | 0.010 | nr | nr | nl | |||
AFG2 | 64 | 9 | 14 | 0.010 | 0.7–1.7 | nr | nl | |||
FB1 | 64 | 1 | 2 | 0.5 | <LOD–6.2 | nr | 200 | |||
FB2 | 64 | 5 | 8 | 0.125 | <LOD–15.8 | nr | 200 | |||
HT-2 | 64 | 6 | 9 | 0.1 | 2.4–9.6 | nr | nl | |||
T-2 | 64 | 18 | 28 | 0.01 | 0.4–3.6 | nr | nl | |||
ZEN | 64 | 33 | 52 | NR | 0.5–32 | nr | 20 | |||
United States | DON | 147 | 96 | 65 | 1.1 | 34–258 | nr | 200 | LC-MS/MS | [22] |
T-2 | 147 | 3 | 2 | 0.5 | <LOD–1.6 | nr | nl | |||
OTA | 147 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 2 | nr | 0.5 | |||
ZEN | 147 | 18 | 12 | 2.7 | 8.9–26 | nr | 20 | |||
FB | 147 | 1 | 1 | 2.3 | 336 | nr | 200 | |||
Asia | ||||||||||
Iran | AFB1 | 48 | 33 | 69 | 0.008 | 0.025–15.2 | 2.6 | 0.1 | HPLC | [22] |
Syria | OTA | 30 | 13 | 43 | 0.038 | 2–329 | 0.09 | 0.5 | HPLC | [35] |
Europe | ||||||||||
Italy | OTA | 75 | 15 | 20 | 0.050 | <LOD–0.120 | 0.06 | 0.5 | LC-MS/MS | [5] |
NIV | 75 | 3 | 4 | 5.5 | <LOD–235 | 19.9 | nl | |||
FUS-X | 75 | 18 | 24 | 5.5 | <LOD–604 | 146.5 | nl | |||
DON | 75 | 19 | 25 | 1 | <LOD–268 | 102.6 | 200 | |||
HT-2 | 75 | 2 | 3 | 2 | <LOD–151 | 12.6 | nl | |||
β-ZEL | 75 | 5 | 7 | 1.5 | <LOD–23.2 | 2.5 | nl | |||
ENB | 75 | 10 | 13 | 2 | <LOD–832 | 101.3 | nl | |||
ENB1 | 75 | 1 | 1 | 5 | <LOD–117 | 7.8 | nl | |||
ENB4 | 75 | 4 | 5 | 5 | <LOD–311 | 38.1 | nl | |||
ENA1 | 75 | 3 | 4 | 5 | <LOD–125 | 6.6 | nl | |||
BEA | 75 | 1 | 1 | 5 | <LOD–21.3 | 1.2 | nl | |||
Portugal | AFM1 | 20 | 4 | 20 | 0.004 | <LOD–0.023 | nr | 0.025 | HPLC | [22] |
AFB1 | 20 | 6 | 30 | 0.001 | <LOD–0.009 | nr | 0.1 | |||
OTA | 20 | 13 | 65 | 0.009 | <LOD–0.212 | nr | 0.5 | |||
Portugal | PAT | 20 | 15 | 75 | 0.9 | <LOD–4.5 | 2.3 | 10 | HPLC | |
OTA | 20 | 10 | 50 | 0.006 | <LOD–0.263 | 0.06 | 0.5 | |||
Spain | AFB1 | 91 | 42 | 46 | 0.003 | <LOD–3.11 | 0.09 | 0.1 | HPLC | |
AFB2 | 91 | 36 | 40 | 0.002 | <LOD–0.410 | 0.01 | nl | |||
AFG1 | 91 | 31 | 34 | 0.002 | <LOD–0.420 | 0.02 | nl | |||
AFG2 | 91 | 10 | 11 | 0.002 | <LOD–0.070 | 0.004 | nl | |||
Spain | NIV | 35 | 2 | 6 | 0.035 | <LOD–100 | nr | nl | LC-MS/MS | |
DON | 35 | 9 | 26 | 0.020 | 70–210 | nr | 200 | |||
OTA | 35 | 2 | 6 | 0.1 | 0.350–0.500 | nr | 0.5 | |||
FB1 | 35 | 3 | 9 | 0.022 | 75–100 | nr | nl | |||
FB2 | 35 | 1 | 3 | 0.025 | 0.075 | nr | nl | |||
AFG2 | 35 | 1 | 3 | 0.450 | 1.2 | nr | nl | |||
ZEN | 35 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 10–15 | nr | 20 | |||
BEA | 35 | 15 | 43 | 0.5 | 50–100 | nr | nl | |||
AFM1 | 35 | 1 | 3 | 0.08 | <LOD–0.250 | nr | 0.025 | |||
STG | 35 | 2 | 6 | 2.5 | 10–50 | nr | nl | |||
Spain | DON | 60 | 12 | 20 | 33 | 36–245 | 117 | 200 | HPLC | [12] |
Turkey | OTA | 21 | 4 | 19 | 0.05 | <LOD–0.200 | 0.140 | 0.5 | HPLC | [22] |
Mycotoxin | Origin | Food | N | Positive (>LOD) | Occurrence (%) | LOD (µg/kg) | Range (µg/kg) | Mean (µg/kg) | ML (µg/kg) | Analitycal Method | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OTA | Asia | 0.5 | |||||||||
Syria | Peach and apple puree | 3 | 2 | 67 | 0.050 | 0.079–0.120 | 0.099 | HPLC | [35] | ||
Fruit cocktail puree | 3 | 2 | 67 | 0.050 | <LOD–0.156 | 0.087 | HPLC | ||||
Total Asia | 0.019–0.156 | 0.093 | |||||||||
PAT | Asia | 10 | |||||||||
Qatar | Apple compote | 7 | 7 | 100 | 1 | 1.02–2.46 | 1.09 | LC-MS/MS | [41] | ||
Europe | |||||||||||
Spain | Apple compote | 36 | 15 | 42 | 2.08 | nr | 7.4 | HPLC | [37] | ||
Multifruit compote | 76 | 24 | 32 | 2.08 | nr | 6.9 | HPLC | ||||
Italy | Puree and fruit compote | 120 | 78 | 65 | 1 | 3–9 | 6.3 | HPLC | [38] | ||
Portugal | Apple puree | 76 | 5 | 7 | 1.2 | <LOD–5.7 | NR | HPLC | [36] | ||
Serbia | Apple puree | 16 | 1 | 6 | 2.9 | <LOD–15 | 2.9 | HPLC | [40] | ||
Multi-fruit puree | 50 | 10 | 20 | 7.7 | 2–40 | 3.5 | HPLC | ||||
Total Europe | 1–40 | 5.4 | |||||||||
Total PAT | 1–40 | 4.7 |
Origin | Food | N | Positives (>LOD) | Occurrence (%) | LOD (µg/kg) | Range (µg/kg) | Mean (µg/kg) | ML (µg/kg) | Analitycal Method | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia | 10 | |||||||||
China | Apple juice | 30 | 19 | 63 | 1200 | <LOD–37.3 | 9.3 | HPLC | [39] | |
Qatar | Apple juice | 6 | 6 | 100 | 1000 | 6.13–7.7 | 3.1 | LC-MS/MS | [41] | |
Total Asia | <LOD–37.3 | 6.2 | ||||||||
Europe | ||||||||||
Spain | Apple juice | 12 | 3 | 25 | 2080 | nr | 7.5 | HPLC | [37] | |
Italy | Fruit juice and puree | 26 | 0 | 0 | 15 | nr | nr | LC-MS/MS | [5] | |
Serbia | Fruit juice | 48 | 21 | 44 | 8300 | 3–27 | 3.6 | HPLC | [40] | |
Total Europe | 3–27 | 5.5 | ||||||||
TOTAL | <LOD–67.3 | 19.5 |
EDI (ng/kg bw/day) | Reference | |||||||||
Age (months) | 0–1 | 1–2 | 2–3 | 3–4 | 4–5 | 5–6 | 6–7 | 7–8 | 8–9 | |
Weight (kg) | 3.8 | 4.85 | 5.75 | 6.4 | 6.95 | 7.4 | 7.78 | 8.1 | 8.4 | |
Consumption * (g/day) | 630.5 | 682.5 | 666.5 | 774 | 787 | 829 | 803.5 | 777.5 | 890 | |
Origin | ||||||||||
Africa | ||||||||||
Egypt | 595.16 | 504.77 | 417.23 | 433.80 | 406.18 | 401.84 | 370.46 | 344.31 | 380.05 | [25] |
Kenya | 0.87 | 0.74 | 0.61 | 0.63 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.54 | 0.50 | 0.56 | [22] |
Nigeria | 10.20 | 8.65 | 7.15 | 7.44 | 6.96 | 6.89 | 6.35 | 5.90 | 6.52 | |
Sudan | 66.53 | 56.43 | 46.64 | 48.50 | 45.41 | 44.92 | 41.41 | 38.49 | 42.49 | |
Tanzania | 11.61 | 9.85 | 8.14 | 8.47 | 7.93 | 7.84 | 7.23 | 6.72 | 7.42 | |
Total Africa | 136.88 | 116.09 | 95.96 | 99.77 | 93.42 | 92.42 | 85.20 | 79.19 | 87.41 | |
America | ||||||||||
Brazil | 1.58 | 1.34 | 1.11 | 1.15 | 1.08 | 1.06 | 0.98 | 0.91 | 1.01 | [22] |
Colombia | 0.83 | 0.70 | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.52 | 0.48 | 0.53 | |
Ecuador | 7.47 | 6.33 | 5.23 | 5.44 | 5.10 | 5.04 | 4.65 | 4.32 | 4.77 | [22] |
Mexico | 1.99 | 1.69 | 1.40 | 1.45 | 1.36 | 1.34 | 1.24 | 1.15 | 1.27 | [22] |
Total America | 2.97 | 2.52 | 2.08 | 2.16 | 2.02 | 2.00 | 1.85 | 1.72 | 1.89 | |
Asia | ||||||||||
Iran | 0.87 | 0.74 | 0.61 | 0.63 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.54 | 0.50 | 0.56 | [26] |
Jordan | 11.28 | 9.57 | 7.91 | 8.22 | 7.70 | 7.62 | 7.02 | 6.53 | 7.20 | [22] |
Lebanon | 0.75 | 0.63 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.43 | 0.48 | |
Total Asia | 4.30 | 3.65 | 3.01 | 3.13 | 2.93 | 2.90 | 2.68 | 2.49 | 2.75 | |
Europe | ||||||||||
Cyprus | 1.33 | 1.13 | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.83 | 0.77 | 0.85 | [22] |
Italy | 9.13 | 7.74 | 6.40 | 6.65 | 6.23 | 6.16 | 5.68 | 5.28 | 5.83 | |
Portugal | 1.23 | 1.04 | 0.86 | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.76 | 0.71 | 0.78 | [24] |
Serbia | 31.53 | 26.74 | 22.10 | 22.98 | 21.52 | 21.29 | 19.62 | 18.24 | 20.13 | |
Turkey | 1.41 | 1.20 | 0.99 | 1.03 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.88 | 0.82 | 0.90 | [27] |
Total Europe | 8.92 | 7.57 | 6.26 | 6.50 | 6.09 | 6.02 | 5.55 | 5.16 | 5.70 | |
Total | 44.34 | 37.60 | 31.08 | 32.32 | 30.26 | 29.94 | 27.60 | 25.65 | 28.31 |
EDI (ng/kg bw/day) | Reference | |||||||||
Age (months) | 0–1 | 1–2 | 2–3 | 3–4 | 4–5 | 5–6 | 6–7 | 7–8 | 8–9 | |
Weight (kg) | 3.8 | 4.85 | 5.75 | 6.4 | 6.95 | 7.4 | 7.78 | 8.1 | 8.4 | |
Consumption * (g/day) | 630.5 | 682.5 | 666.5 | 774 | 787 | 829 | 803.5 | 777.5 | 890 | |
Origin | ||||||||||
Africa | ||||||||||
Egypt | 3.49 | 2.96 | 2.45 | 2.55 | 2.38 | 2.36 | 2.18 | 2.02 | 2.23 | [4] |
America | ||||||||||
Brazil | 0.66 | 0.56 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.38 | 0.42 | [22] |
Chile | 13.11 | 11.12 | 9.19 | 9.55 | 8.95 | 8.85 | 8.16 | 7.58 | 8.37 | |
Total America | 6.89 | 5.84 | 4.83 | 5.02 | 4.70 | 4.65 | 4.29 | 3.98 | 4.40 | |
Asia | ||||||||||
Iran | 167.17 | 141.78 | 117.19 | 121.84 | 114.09 | 112.87 | 104.05 | 96.71 | 106.75 | [22] |
Europe | ||||||||||
Italy | 3.32 | 2.81 | 2.33 | 2.42 | 2.26 | 2.24 | 2.07 | 1.92 | 2.12 | [20] |
Turkey | 89.27 | 75.71 | 62.58 | 65.06 | 60.92 | 60.27 | 55.56 | 51.64 | 57.00 | [22] |
Total Europe | 46.29 | 39.26 | 32.45 | 33.74 | 31.59 | 31.26 | 28.81 | 26.78 | 29.56 | |
Total | 46.17 | 39.16 | 32.37 | 33.65 | 31.51 | 31.17 | 28.74 | 26.71 | 29.48 |
Mycotoxin | EDI (ng/kg bw/day) | Reference | |||||||||
Age (months) | 0–1 | 1–2 | 2–3 | 3–4 | 4–5 | 5–6 | 6–7 | 7–8 | 8–9 | ||
Weight (kg) | 3.8 | 4.85 | 5.75 | 6.4 | 6.95 | 7.4 | 7.78 | 8.1 | 8.4 | ||
Consumption * (g/day) | 81.7 | 107.5 | 129 | 129 | 150.5 | 150.5 | 120.4 | 120.4 | 90.3 | ||
Origin | |||||||||||
AFB1 | Africa | ||||||||||
Burkina Faso | 81.70 | 84.23 | 85.55 | 76.59 | 82.29 | 77.28 | 58.81 | 56.48 | 40.85 | [22] | |
AFM1 | Africa | ||||||||||
Egypt | 2.10 | 2.17 | 2.20 | 1.97 | 2.12 | 1.99 | 1.52 | 1.46 | 1.05 | [25] | |
America | |||||||||||
Brazil | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.26 | [22] | |
Europe | |||||||||||
Spain | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.03 | [29] | |
Italy | 0.03 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.15 | [22] | |
Turkey | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.13 | [30] | |
NIV | Asia | ||||||||||
South Korea | 68.80 | 70.93 | 72.04 | 64.50 | 69.29 | 65.08 | 49.52 | 47.57 | 34.04 | [28] | |
OTA | Africa | ||||||||||
Burkina Faso | 2.15 | 2.22 | 2.25 | 2.02 | 2.17 | 2.03 | 1.55 | 1.49 | 1.08 | [22] | |
America | |||||||||||
Canada | 3.12 | 3.21 | 3.26 | 2.92 | 3.14 | 2.95 | 2.24 | 2.16 | 1.56 | [22] | |
Europe | |||||||||||
Italy | 1.89 | 1.95 | 1.98 | 1.77 | 1.91 | 1.79 | 1.36 | 1.31 | 0.95 | [22] | |
Turkey | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.22 | ||
ZEN | Europe | ||||||||||
Italy | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.59 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.53 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.28 | [31] |
Origin | EDI (ng/kg bw/day) | Reference | |||||
Age (months) | 4–5 | 5–6 | 6–7 | 7–8 | 8–9 | ||
Weight (kg) | 6.95 | 7.4 | 7.78 | 8.1 | 8.4 | ||
Consumption * (g/day) | 12 | 33 | 27 | 26 | 22 | ||
Mycotoxin | |||||||
Africa | |||||||
Morocco | FB1 | 3.5 | 8.9 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 5.2 | [22] |
FB2 | 3.1 | 8 | 6.3 | 5.8 | 4.7 | ||
Tunisia | DON | 51 | 133 | 104 | 96 | 78.6 | [33] |
15-ADON | 1.7 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 2.6 | ||
HT-2 | 1.7 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 2.6 | ||
ZEN | 1.7 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 2.6 | ||
ENB | 52 | 134 | 104 | 96 | 78.6 | ||
America | |||||||
Canada | OTA | 1 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.5 | [22] |
Asia | |||||||
Iran | AFB1 | 4.5 | 11.6 | 9 | 8.4 | 6.8 | [22] |
Syria | OTA | 0.16 | 0.42 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.25 | [35] |
Europe | |||||||
Italy | OTA | 0.10 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.16 | [5] |
NIV | 34.4 | 88.8 | 69.1 | 63.9 | 52.2 | ||
FUS-X | 253 | 653.4 | 508.5 | 470.3 | 383.7 | ||
DON | 177.2 | 457.5 | 356.1 | 329.3 | 268.7 | ||
HT-2 | 21.8 | 56.4 | 43.9 | 40.6 | 33.1 | ||
β-ZEL | 4.3 | 11.2 | 8.7 | 8 | 6.6 | ||
ENB | 174.9 | 451.7 | 351.6 | 325.2 | 265.3 | ||
ENB1 | 13.5 | 34.8 | 27.1 | 25 | 20.4 | ||
ENB4 | 65.8 | 169.8 | 132.2 | 122.2 | 99.7 | ||
ENA1 | 11.4 | 29.3 | 22.8 | 21.1 | 17.2 | ||
BEA | 2.4 | 5.3 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.1 | ||
Portugal | PAT | 4.2 | 10.4 | 8.1 | 7.5 | 6.1 | [22] |
OTA | 0.11 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.16 | ||
Spain | AFB1 | 0.16 | 0.40 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.24 | |
AFB2 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | ||
AFG1 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | ||
AFG2 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.021 | 0.01 | ||
Spain | DON | 202 | 521.8 | 406 | 375.6 | 306.4 | [12] |
Turkey | OTA | 0.24 | 0.62 | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.37 | [22] |
Mycotoxin | Product | Origin | EDI (ng/kg/day) | Reference | |||||
Age (months) | 4–5 | 5–6 | 6–7 | 7–8 | 8–9 | ||||
Weight (kg) | 6.95 | 7.4 | 7.78 | 8.1 | 8.4 | ||||
Consumption * (g/day) | 80 | 75 | 120 | 120 | 120 | ||||
Consumption ** (g/day) | - | 75 | 120 | 120 | 120 | ||||
OTA | Solid fruit products | Asia | |||||||
Syria | Peach and apple puree | 1.1 | 1 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 | [35] | ||
Fruit cocktail puree | 1 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | ||||
PAT | Solid fruit products | Asia | |||||||
Qatar | Apple compote | 12.6 | 11.1 | 16.8 | 16.2 | 15.6 | [41] | ||
Europe | |||||||||
Spain | Apple compote | 85.18 | 75 | 114 | 109.6 | 105.7 | [37] | ||
Multifruit compote | 79.4 | 69.9 | 106.4 | 102.2 | 98.6 | ||||
Italy | Puree and fruit compote | 72.3 | 63.6 | 96.9 | 93 | 89.7 | [38] | ||
Serbia | Apple puree | 33.4 | 29.4 | 44.7 | 43 | 41.4 | [40] | ||
Multi-fruit puree | 40.3 | 35.5 | 54 | 51.8 | 50 | ||||
Juice products | Asia | ||||||||
China | Apple juice | 94.3 | 143.4 | 137.8 | 132.8 | [39] | |||
Qatar | Apple juice | 31.1 | 47.3 | 45.4 | 43.8 | [41] | |||
Europe | |||||||||
Spain | Apple juice | 76 | 115.7 | 111.1 | 107.1 | [37] |
Origin | TDI% | TDI (ng/kg b.w/day) | Reference | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–1 Month | 1–2 Months | 2–3 Months | 3–4 Months | 4–5 Months | 5–6 Months | 6–7 Months | 7–8 Months | 8–9 Months | |||
Africa | 14 | ||||||||||
Egypt | 25 | 21 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 15 | 14 | 16 | [4] | |
America | |||||||||||
Brazil | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | [21] | |
Chile | 94 | 79 | 66 | 68 | 64 | 63 | 58 | 54 | 60 | ||
Asia | |||||||||||
Iran | 1194 | 1013 | 837 | 870 | 815 | 806 | 743 | 691 | 762 | [21] | |
Europe | |||||||||||
Italy | 24 | 20 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 15 | [20] [21] | |
Turkey | 638 | 541 | 447 | 465 | 435 | 430 | 397 | 369 | 407 | [21] |
Mycotoxin | Origin | TDI% | TDI (ng/kg b.w/day) | Reference | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–1 Month | 1–2 Months | 2–3 Months | 3–4 Months | 4–5 Months | 5–6 Months | 6–7 Months | 7–8 Months | 8–9 Months | ||||
NIV | Asia | 1200 | ||||||||||
South Korea | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | [28] | ||
OTA | Africa | 14 | ||||||||||
Burkina Faso | 15 | 16 | 16 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 8 | [21] | ||
America | ||||||||||||
Canada | 22 | 23 | 23 | 21 | 22 | 21 | 16 | 15 | 11 | [21] | ||
Europe | ||||||||||||
Italy | 13 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 10 | 9 | 7 | [21] | ||
Turkey | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |||
ZEN | Europe | 250 | ||||||||||
Italy | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.11 | [31] |
Origin | Mycotoxin | TDI% | TDI (ng/kg b.w/day) | Reference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4–5 Months | 5–6 Months | 6–7 Months | 7–8 Months | 8–9 Months | ||||
Africa | ||||||||
Morocco | FB1 | 0.17 | 0.45 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 2000 | [21] |
FB2 | 0.16 | 0.40 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 2000 | ||
Tunisia | DON | 5 | 13 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 1000 | [33] |
15-ADON | 0.17 | 0.45 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 1000 | ||
HT-2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 100 | ||
ZEN | 0.69 | 1.78 | 1.39 | 1.28 | 1.05 | 250 | ||
America | ||||||||
Canada | OTA | 7 | 19 | 15 | 13 | 11 | 14 | [21] |
Asia | ||||||||
Syria | OTA | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 14 | [35] |
Europe | ||||||||
Italy | OTA | 0.74 | 2 | 1.5 | 1 | 1 | 14 | [5] |
NIV | 3 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 1200 | ||
DON | 18 | 46 | 36 | 33 | 27 | 1000 | ||
HT-2 | 22 | 56 | 44 | 41 | 33 | 100 | ||
β-ZEL | 1.73 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 3 | 3 | 250 | ||
Portugal | PAT | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1.5 | 400 | [21] |
OTA | 0.75 | 1.94 | 1.51 | 1.40 | 1.14 | 14 | ||
Spain | DON | 20 | 52 | 41 | 38 | 31 | 1000 | [12] |
Turkey | OTA | 2 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 3 | 3 | 14 | [21] |
Mycotoxin | Origin | Food | TDI% | TDI (ng/kg b.w/day) | Reference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4–5 Months | 5–6 Months | 6–7 Months | 7–8 Months | 8–9 Months | |||||
OTA | Asia | 14 | |||||||
Syria | Peach and apple puree | 8 | 7 | 11 | 10 | 10 | [35] | ||
Fruit cocktail puree | 7 | 6 | 10 | 9 | 9 | ||||
PAT | Asia | 400 | |||||||
Qatar | Apple compote | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | [41] | ||
Europe | |||||||||
Spain | Apple compote | 21 | 19 | 28 | 27 | 26 | [37] | ||
Multifruit compote | 20 | 17 | 27 | 26 | 25 | ||||
Italy | Puree and fruit compote | 18 | 16 | 24 | 23 | 22 | [38] | ||
Serbia | Apple puree | 8 | 7 | 11 | 11 | 10 | [40] | ||
Multi-fruit puree | 10 | 9 | 13 | 13 | 12 | ||||
Asia | |||||||||
China | Apple juice | 24 | 36 | 34 | 33 | [39] | |||
Qatar | Apple juice | 8 | 12 | 11 | 11 | [41] | |||
Europe | |||||||||
Spain | Apple juice | 19 | 29 | 28 | 27 | [37] | |||
Serbia | Fruit juice | 9 | 14 | 13 | 13 | [40] |
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Hernández, M.; Juan-García, A.; Moltó, J.C.; Mañes, J.; Juan, C. Evaluation of Mycotoxins in Infant Breast Milk and Infant Food, Reviewing the Literature Data. Toxins 2021, 13, 535. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080535
Hernández M, Juan-García A, Moltó JC, Mañes J, Juan C. Evaluation of Mycotoxins in Infant Breast Milk and Infant Food, Reviewing the Literature Data. Toxins. 2021; 13(8):535. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080535
Chicago/Turabian StyleHernández, Marta, Ana Juan-García, Juan Carlos Moltó, Jordi Mañes, and Cristina Juan. 2021. "Evaluation of Mycotoxins in Infant Breast Milk and Infant Food, Reviewing the Literature Data" Toxins 13, no. 8: 535. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080535