A Review of Periocular Botulinum Neurotoxin on the Tear Film Homeostasis and the Ocular Surface Change
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature Search
3. Dry Eye Disease (DED)
4. Results from Animal Studies of BoNT
5. Aqueous Deficiency: BoNT Reduces Lacrimal Gland Secretion in Humans
6. Increased Tear Film Evaporation: Eyelid Malposition and Abnormal Blink Pattern
7. Dry Eye Improvement: BoNT Decreases Lacrimal Drainage
8. BoNT Effects on Tear Film Stability and Meibomian Gland Changes
9. BoNT Influences the Corneal Parameter: Reduced Astigmatism and High-order Aberrations
10. Histological and Morphological Changes of the Lacrimal Gland and Ocular Surface
11. Inflammatory Cytokine Changes
12. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgements
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ho, R.-W.; Fang, P.-C.; Chang, C.-H.; Liu, Y.-P.; Kuo, M.-T. A Review of Periocular Botulinum Neurotoxin on the Tear Film Homeostasis and the Ocular Surface Change. Toxins 2019, 11, 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11020066
Ho R-W, Fang P-C, Chang C-H, Liu Y-P, Kuo M-T. A Review of Periocular Botulinum Neurotoxin on the Tear Film Homeostasis and the Ocular Surface Change. Toxins. 2019; 11(2):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11020066
Chicago/Turabian StyleHo, Ren-Wen, Po-Chiung Fang, Cheng-Hsien Chang, Yu-Peng Liu, and Ming-Tse Kuo. 2019. "A Review of Periocular Botulinum Neurotoxin on the Tear Film Homeostasis and the Ocular Surface Change" Toxins 11, no. 2: 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11020066
APA StyleHo, R.-W., Fang, P.-C., Chang, C.-H., Liu, Y.-P., & Kuo, M.-T. (2019). A Review of Periocular Botulinum Neurotoxin on the Tear Film Homeostasis and the Ocular Surface Change. Toxins, 11(2), 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11020066