Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels in Maternal Erythrocytes of Japanese Women during Pregnancy and after Childbirth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Blood Sampling
2.3. Fatty Acid Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n (%) | Median | (Inter-Quartile Range) | |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal age (years) | 29.6 | (25.9–33.9) | |
Prepregnancy height (cm) | 158 | (152.8–162.1) | |
Prepregnancy weight (kg) | 53.1 | (48.5–60.7) | |
Prepregnancy body mass index (kg/cm2) | 21.8 | (19.9–24.4) | |
Body weight gain (kg) | 11.6 | (8.9–14.2) | |
Gestational period (day) | 278 | (274–285) | |
Birth height (cm) | 49.5 | (48–50.5) | |
Birth weight (g) | 3170 | (3004–3494) | |
Head circumference (cm) | 34 | (33–35) | |
Chest circumference (cm) | 32 | (31–33) | |
Sex, female | 42 (56.8) | ||
male | 32 (43.2) | ||
Nursing, breast-feeding | 13 (17.6) | ||
bottle-feeding | 4 (5.4) | ||
mixed-feeding | 57 (77.0) |
Umbilical Cord Erythrocytes (n = 74) | Maternal Erythrocytes | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
27 Weeks of Gestation (n = 74) | 30 Weeks of Gestation (n = 74) | 36 Weeks of Gestation (n = 74) | 2 Days after Delivery (n = 74) | 1 Month after Delivery (n = 74) | p 2 | ||||||||||||
Median (Inter, Quartile Range) | Correlation Umbilical Cord vs. Maternal | Median (Inter, Quartile Range) | Correlation Umbilical Cord vs. Maternal | Median (Inter, Quartile Range) | Correlation Umbilical Cord vs. Maternal | Median (Inter, Quartile Range) | Correlation Umbilical Cord vs. Maternal | Median (Inter, Quartile Range) | Correlation Umbilical Cord vs. Maternal | ||||||||
r | p 1 | r | p 1 | r | p 1 | r | p 1 | r | p 1 | ||||||||
SFA | 51.5 (50.3–52.6) | 46.7 (46.2–47.6) | 0.070 | 0.553 | 46.5 (45.7–47.5) | 0.071 | 0.548 | 46.9 (46.2–47.6) | 0.183 | 0.118 | 47.1 (46.1–47.9) | 0.277 | 0.017 | 47.0 (46.1–47.9) | -0.004 | 0.971 | 0..091 |
16:0 | 26.9 (26.3–27.6) | 24.6 a (24.2–25.2) | -0.128 | 0.279 | 24.9 ab (24.3–25.6) | 0.107 | 0.365 | 25.0 b (24.4–25.6) | 0.202 | 0.085 | 25.4 c (24.7–26.0) | 0.152 | 0.196 | 24.5 a (24.1–25.1) | -0.076 | 0.520 | <0.001 |
18:0 | 17.9 (17.5–19.4) | 16.0 ac (15.4–16.8) | 0.085 | 0.473 | 15.6 ab (15.1–16.5) | -0.109 | 0.355 | 15.7 b (15.0–16.3) | -0.082 | 0.490 | 15.5 b (14.9–16.2) | 0.186 | 0.112 | 16.4 c (15.9–17.3) | -0.027 | 0.818 | <0.001 |
22:0 | 1.05 (0.99–1.17) | 1.21 a (1.10–1.32) | 0.127 | 0.281 | 1.21 a (1.10–1.33) | -0.038 | 0.746 | 1.29 b (1.16–1.41) | 0.215 | 0.066 | 1.17 a (1.10–1.32) | 0.304 | 0.009 | 1.20 a (1.12–1.30) | 0.089 | 0.450 | <0.001 |
24:0 | 3.73 (3.43–4.08) | 3.37 a (3.20–3.65) | 0.096 | 0.417 | 3.44 a (3.25–3.66) | 0.028 | 0.814 | 3.56 b (3.31–3.80) | 0.102 | 0.388 | 3.44 a (3.21–3.59) | 0.250 | 0.032 | 3.31 a (3.13–3.53) | 0.092 | 0.438 | <0.001 |
MUFA | 15.1 (14.5–15.9) | 18.4 a (17.7–19.1) | 0.037 | 0.756 | 18.9 bc (18.0–19.6) | 0.043 | 0.719 | 19.0 c (18.5–19.6) | -0.027 | 0.820 | 19.0 bc (18.3–19.6) | 0.068 | 0.568 | 18.6 ab (17.9–19.1) | 0.010 | 0.930 | <0.001 |
18:1n-9 | 9.90 (9.40–10.4) | 12.6 a (12.0–13.1) | 0.168 | 0.153 | 13.0 b (12.3–13.5) | 0.170 | 0.149 | 13.1 b (12.5–13.6) | 0.052 | 0.661 | 13.1 b (12.5–13.6) | 0.112 | 0.343 | 12.8 b (12.4–13.5) | 0.065 | 0.583 | <0.001 |
18:1n-7 | 1.59 (1.44–1.72) | 1.08 ab (1.02–1.15) | 0.241 | 0.039 | 1.10 a (1.04–1.18) | 0.337 | 0.003 | 1.07 b (1.00–1.15) | 0.294 | 0.011 | 1.04 b (0.99–1.12) | 0.331 | 0.004 | 1.11 a (1.03–1.17) | 0.119 | 0.311 | <0.001 |
24:1n-9 | 2.99 (2.74–3.34) | 4.10 ac (3.82–4.36) | 0.067 | 0.570 | 4.18 ab (3.76–4.50) | 0.101 | 0.390 | 4.25 b (4.04–4.49) | 0.089 | 0.450 | 4.13 ab (3.90–4.40) | 0.155 | 0.187 | 3.97 c (3.68–4.20) | 0.066 | 0.577 | <0.001 |
PUFA | 33.3 (32.5–34.4) | 34.7 a (34.0–35.4) | 0.146 | 0.216 | 34.6 ab (33.4–35.6) | 0.304 | 0.009 | 34.1 b (33.4–35.0) | 0.314 | 0.006 | 33.8 b (33.1–35.1) | 0.217 | 0.064 | 34.3 ab (33.7–35.3) | 0.202 | 0.085 | <0.001 |
n-3 PUFA | 7.85 (6.92–8.87) | 9.98 a (8.84–11.2) | 0.573 | <0.001 | 9.54 ab (8.38–10.7) | 0.463 | <0.001 | 9.37 bc (8.67–10.6) | 0.550 | <0.001 | 9.46 bc (8.83–10.6) | 0.543 | <0.001 | 9.44 c (8.35–10.6) | 0.639 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
20:5n-3 | 0.25 (0.18–0.33) | 0.65 a (0.47–0.89) | 0.819 | <0.001 | 0.64 a (0.45–0.89) | 0.791 | <0.001 | 0.55 b (0.46–0.80) | 0.811 | <0.001 | 0.61 ab (0.50–0.81) | 0.858 | <0.001 | 0.87 c (0.62–1.17) | 0.630 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
22:5n-3 | 0.65 (0.54–0.85) | 1.85 a (1.66–2.05) | 0.544 | <0.001 | 1.74 ab (1.63–1.95) | 0.441 | <0.001 | 1.76 ab (1.62–1.94) | 0.529 | <0.001 | 1.78 b (1.62–1.92) | 0.520 | <0.001 | 1.79 ab (1.63–2.06) | 0.564 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
22:6n-3 | 6.92 (6.14–7.45) | 7.33 a (6.43–8.11) | 0.440 | <0.001 | 7.10 ab (6.17–7.93) | 0.370 | <0.001 | 6.95 ab (6.31–7.64) | 0.410 | <0.001 | 6.95 b (6.32–7.62) | 0.432 | <0.001 | 6.66 c (5.75–7.19) | 0.539 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
n-6 PUFA | 25.2 (24.2–26.3) | 24.6 ab (23.5–25.8) | 0.362 | 0.002 | 24.6 ab (23.3–25.7) | 0.443 | <0.001 | 24.5 ab (23.4–25.3) | 0.485 | <0.001 | 24.4 a (23.2–25.3) | 0.516 | <0.001 | 24.6 b (23.2–25.6) | 0.380 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
18:2n-6 | 4.03 (3.56–4.34) | 8.88 a (8.39–9.41) | 0.444 | <0.001 | 9.08 bc (8.64–9.90) | 0.440 | <0.001 | 8.95 ab (8.39–9.52) | 0.478 | <0.001 | 9.08 b (8.51–9.73) | 0.615 | <0.001 | 9.25 c (8.58–9.96) | 0.420 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
20:3n-6 | 2.38 (2.05–2.69) | 1.36 ac (1.22–1.50) | 0.392 | 0.001 | 1.38 ab (1.23–1.53) | 0.437 | <0.001 | 1.34 c (1.19–1.52) | 0.509 | <0.001 | 1.35 c (1.19–1.49) | 0.456 | <0.001 | 1.17 d (1.02–1.36) | 0.404 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
20:4n-6 | 15.4 (14.7–16.4) | 12.1 ac (11.3–12.8) | 0.349 | 0.002 | 11.7 bd (10.8–12.3) | 0.414 | <0.001 | 11.8 ab (10.9–12.6) | 0.361 | 0.002 | 11.5 b (11.1–12.3) | 0.379 | 0.001 | 12.1 cd (11.2–12.8) | 0.247 | 0.034 | <0.001 |
22:4n-6 | 2.93 (2.61–3.30) | 2.06 a (1.77–2.33) | 0.471 | <0.001 | 1.99 ab (1.71–2.25) | 0.561 | <0.001 | 1.98 ab (1.67–2.30) | 0.539 | <0.001 | 1.94 b (1.65–2.26) | 0.588 | <0.001 | 1.83 c (1.60–2.09) | 0.566 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
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Kawabata, T.; Kagawa, Y.; Kimura, F.; Miyazawa, T.; Saito, S.; Arima, T.; Nakai, K.; Yaegashi, N. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels in Maternal Erythrocytes of Japanese Women during Pregnancy and after Childbirth. Nutrients 2017, 9, 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030245
Kawabata T, Kagawa Y, Kimura F, Miyazawa T, Saito S, Arima T, Nakai K, Yaegashi N. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels in Maternal Erythrocytes of Japanese Women during Pregnancy and after Childbirth. Nutrients. 2017; 9(3):245. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030245
Chicago/Turabian StyleKawabata, Terue, Yasuo Kagawa, Fumiko Kimura, Teruo Miyazawa, Shoji Saito, Takahiro Arima, Kunihiko Nakai, and Nobuo Yaegashi. 2017. "Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels in Maternal Erythrocytes of Japanese Women during Pregnancy and after Childbirth" Nutrients 9, no. 3: 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030245