Fish Consumption and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Findings from the E3N Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. RA Ascertainment
2.3. Fish Consumption
2.4. Other Variables
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Overall Fish Consumption and Risk of RA
3.3. Lean Fish and Risk of RA
3.4. Oily Fish and Risk of RA
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fish Consumption | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
All (N = 62,629) | 1st Tertile (0–16.7 g/day) (N = 20,681) | 2nd Tertile (16.7–31.1 g/day) (N = 19,749) | 3rd Tertile (31.1–261 g/day) (N = 22,199) | |
Age at baseline (years) | 52.5 (6.5) | 52.3 (6.5) | 52.1 (6.4) | 53.1 (6.5) |
Educational level | ||||
<High School | 8322 (13.3) | 3091 (14.9) | 2542 (12.8) | 2689 (12.1) |
Up to two-level university | 32,032 (51.1) | 10,754 (52.0) | 10,123 (51.3) | 11,155 (50.3) |
≥Three-level university | 22,275 (35.6) | 6836 (33.1) | 7084 (35.9) | 8355 (37.6) |
Smoking status | ||||
Current smoker | 8269 (13.2) | 2779 (13.5) | 2532 (12.8) | 2958 (13.3) |
Non smoker | 33,558 (53.6) | 11,401 (55.1) | 10,622 (53.8) | 11,535 (52.0) |
Former smoker | 20,802 (33.2) | 6501 (31.4) | 6595 (33.4) | 7706 (34.7) |
Passive smoking in childhood | 8972 (14.3) | 3043 (14.7) | 2880 (14.6) | 3049 (13.7) |
Gastrointestinal transit | ||||
Normal | 45,104 (72.0) | 14,814 (71.6) | 14,319 (72.5) | 15,971 (71.9) |
Diarrhoea | 1720 (2.8) | 569 (2.8) | 541 (2.8) | 610 (2.8) |
Constipation | 8579 (13.7) | 2922 (14.1) | 2631 (13.3) | 3026 (13.6) |
Alternating diarrhoea/constipation | 7226 (11.5) | 2376 (11.5) | 2258 (11.4) | 2592 (11.7) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.9 (3.2) | 22.7 (3.1) | 22.8 (3.2) | 23.2 (3.3) |
Physical activity (MET.h/week) | 44.8 (28.7) | 44.2 (28.7) | 44.2 (28.1) | 45.9 (29.4) |
Hypothyroidism | 1287 (2.1) | 366 (1.8) | 401 (2.0) | 520 (2.4) |
Diabetes mellitus | 3780 (6.0) | 1106 (5.3) | 1087 (5.5) | 1587 (7.1) |
Daily caloric intake (kcal/day) | 2136.3 (542.4) | 2034.9 (525.4) | 2159.0 (529.4) | 2210.4 (555.1) |
Food consumption | ||||
Fish (g/day) | 28.6 (21.7) | 9.6 (4.3) | 23.0 (3.5) | 51.3 (20.6) |
Fruits (g/d day) | 255.0 (169.2) | 244.7 (171.2) | 248.7 (161.8) | 270.3 (172.6) |
Vegetables (g/day) | 278.4 (134.6) | 245.4 (125.6) | 271.0 (124.2) | 315.7 (142.3) |
Olive oil (g/day) | 4.8 (5.6) | 3.8 (5.1) | 4.5 (5.3) | 5.8 (6.2) |
Cereal (g/day) | 191.2 (99.2) | 186.6 (98.0) | 194.0 (97.2) | 193.1 (102.0) |
Dairy products (g/day) | 249.7 (194.3) | 235.3 (190.7) | 243.3 (187.2) | 268.8 (202.3) |
Meat (g/day) | 103.4 (50.2) | 97.4 (50.4) | 109.3 (50.4) | 103.7 (49.1) |
Glucose (g/day) | 236.1 (61.8) | 230.9 (61.3) | 238.6 (61.2) | 238.7 (62.4) |
Incident RA after baseline | 480 (0.8) | 172 (0.8) | 121 (0.6) | 187 (0.8) |
Fish Consumption | Non-Cases N (%) | RA N (%) | Model 1 HR (95% CI) | Model 2 HR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
All population | N = 62,149 | N = 480 | ||
Tertile 1 (0–16.7 g/day) | 20,509 (33.00) | 172 (35.83) | Reference | Reference |
Tertile 2 (16.7–31.1 g/day) | 19,628 (31.58) | 121 (25.21) | 0.74 [0.58; 0.93]; p = 0.01 | 0.74 [0.59; 0.94]; p = 0.01 |
Tertile 3 (31.1–261 g/day) | 22,012 (35.42) | 187 (38.96) | 0.99 [0.80; 1.22]; p = 0.99 | 0.99 [0.80; 1.22]; p = 0.92 |
ptrend | 0.63 | 0.65 | ||
Non-smokers | N = 33,314 | N = 244 | ||
Tertile 1 (0–16.7 g/day) | 11,322 (33.99) | 79 (32.38) | Reference | Reference |
Tertile 2 (16.7–31.1 g/day) | 10,556 (31.69) | 66 (27.05) | 0.89 [0.64; 1.24]; p = 0.48 | 0.90 [0.65; 1.25]; p = 0.53 |
Tertile 3 (31.1–261 g/day) | 11,436 (34.33) | 99 (40.57) | 1.19 [0.88; 1.60]; p = 0.25 | 1.21 [0.90; 1.64]; p = 0.21 |
ptrend | 0.15 | 0.12 | ||
Smokers (current or former) | N = 28,835 | N = 236 | ||
Tertile 1 (0–16.7 g/day) | 9187 (31.86) | 93 (39.41) | Reference | Reference |
Tertile 2 (16.7–31.1 g/day) | 9072 (31.46) | 55 (23.31) | 0.60 [0.43; 0.84]; p = 0.003 | 0.61 [0.44;0.85]; p = 0.003 |
Tertile 3 (31.1–261 g/day) | 10,576 (36.68) | 88 (37.29) | 0.81 [0.60; 1.09]; p = 0.16 | 0.81 [0.60; 1.08]; p = 0.14 |
ptrend | 0.39 | 0.36 |
Daily Lean Fish Consumption | Non-Cases N (%) | RA N (%) | Model 1 HR (95% CI) | Model 2 HR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
All population | N = 62,149 | N = 480 | ||
Tertile 1 (0–5.14 g/day) | 20750 (33.39) | 159 (33.13) | Reference | Reference |
Tertile 2 (5.14–16.7 g/day) | 20701 (33.31) | 164 (34.17) | 1.01 [0.82; 1.26]; p = 0.89 | 1.03 [0.83; 1.28]; p = 0.80 |
Tertile 3 (16.7–181.8 g/day) | 20698 (33.30) | 157 (32.71) | 0.95 [0.76; 1.18]; p = 0.64 | 0.96 [0.77; 1.20]; p = 0.71 |
ptrend | 0.6104 | 0.6708 | ||
Non-smokers | N = 33,314 | N = 244 | ||
Tertile 1 (0–5.14 g/day) | 11063 (33.21) | 77 (31.56) | Reference | Reference |
Tertile 2 (5.14–16.7 g/day) | 11291 (33.89) | 85 (34.84) | 1.06 [0.78; 1.45]; p = 0.70 | 1.07 [0.79; 1.46]; p = 0.65 |
Tertile 3 (16.7–181.8 g/day) | 10960 (32.90) | 82 (33.61) | 1.02 [0.75; 1.39]; p = 0.91 | 1.03 [0.76; 1.41]; p = 0.84 |
ptrend | 0.9455 | 0.8800 | ||
Smokers (current or former) | N = 28,835 | N = 236 | ||
Tertile 1 (0–5.14 g/day) | 9687 (33.59) | 82 (34.75) | Reference | Reference |
Tertile 2 (5.14–16.7 g/day) | 9410 (32.63) | 79 (33.47) | 0.97 [0.71; 1.33]; p = 0.87 | 0.99 [0.73; 1.35]; p = 0.97 |
Tertile 3 (16.7–181.8 g/day) | 9738 (33.77) | 75 (31.78) | 0.88 [0.64; 1.21]; p = 0.43 | 0.89 [0.65; 1.22]; p = 0.46 |
ptrend | 0.4171 | 0.4413 |
Daily Oily Fish Consumption | Non-Cases N (%) | RA N (%) | Model 1 HR (95% CI) | Model 2 HR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
All population | N = 62,149 | N = 480 | ||
Tertile 1 (0–5.7 g/day) | 20,794 (33.46) | 171 (35.63) | Reference | Reference |
Tertile 2 (5.7–14.3 g/day) | 20,736 (33.36) | 138 (28.75) | 0.81 [0.65; 1.01]; p = 0.06 | 0.81 [0.65; 1.02]; p = 0.07 |
Tertile 3 (14.3–261 g/day) | 20,619 (33.18) | 171 (35.63) | 1.01 [0.81; 1.25]; p = 0.95 | 1.01 [0.81; 1.25]; p = 0.96 |
ptrend | 0.5766 | 0.5868 | ||
Non-smokers | N = 33,314 | N = 244 | ||
Tertile 1 (0–5.7 g/day) | 11,570 (34.73) | 90 (36.89) | Reference | Reference |
Tertile 2 (5.7–14.3 g/day) | 11,066 (33.22) | 61 (25.00) | 0.70 [0.51; 0.98]; p = 0.03 | 0.71 [0.51; 0.98]; p = 0.04 |
Tertile 3 (14.3–261 g/day) | 10,678 (32.05) | 93 (38.11) | 1.10 [0.82; 1.48]; p = 0.51 | 1.12 [0.84; 1.50]; p = 0.45 |
ptrend | 0.2026 | 0.1732 | ||
Smokers (current or former) | N = 28,835 | N = 236 | ||
Tertile 1 (0–5.7 g/day) | 9224 (31.99) | 81 (34.32) | Reference | Reference |
Tertile 2 (5.7–14.3 g/day) | 9670 (33.54) | 77 (32.63) | 0.91 [0.66; 1.24]; p = 0.55 | 0.91 [0.67; 1.24]; p = 0.55 |
Tertile 3 (14.3–261 g/day) | 9941 (34.48) | 78 (33.05) | 0.90 [0.66; 1.23]; p = 0.50 | 0.88 [0.65; 1.21]; p = 0.44 |
ptrend | 0.5575 | 0.4887 |
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Nguyen, Y.; Salliot, C.; Mariette, X.; Boutron-Ruault, M.-C.; Seror, R. Fish Consumption and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Findings from the E3N Cohort Study. Nutrients 2022, 14, 861. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040861
Nguyen Y, Salliot C, Mariette X, Boutron-Ruault M-C, Seror R. Fish Consumption and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Findings from the E3N Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2022; 14(4):861. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040861
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Yann, Carine Salliot, Xavier Mariette, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, and Raphaèle Seror. 2022. "Fish Consumption and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Findings from the E3N Cohort Study" Nutrients 14, no. 4: 861. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040861
APA StyleNguyen, Y., Salliot, C., Mariette, X., Boutron-Ruault, M. -C., & Seror, R. (2022). Fish Consumption and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Findings from the E3N Cohort Study. Nutrients, 14(4), 861. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040861