Reducing Liver Cancer Risk through Dietary Change: Positive Results from a Community-Based Educational Initiative in Three Racial/Ethnic Groups
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Community Educational Curriculum
2.4. Measurement
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Dietary Changes
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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African Americans (N = 31) | Asian Americans (N = 174) | Hispanic (N = 139) | Total (N = 344) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ns | ||||
male | 6 (6.1%) | 47 (48.0%) | 45 (45.9%) | 98 (28.5%) | |
female | 25 (10.2%) | 127 (51.6%) | 94 (38.2%) | 246 (71.5%) | |
Age | <0.001 | ||||
Mean (SD) | 59.828 (18.989) | 64.081 (12.210) | 54.626 (16.743) | 59.865 (15.465) | |
Nativity status | <0.001 | ||||
foreign-born | 14 (5.1%) | 168 (61.3%) | 92 (33.6%) | 274 (81.5%) | |
US-born | 16 (25.8%) | 4 (6.5%) | 42 (67.7%) | 62 (18.5176/%) | |
Marital status | <0.001 | ||||
currently married | 6 (3.4%) | 126 (71.6%) | 44 (25.0%) | 176 (53.3%) | |
other | 24 (15.6%) | 44 (28.6%) | 86 (55.8%) | 154 (46.7%) | |
Education level | <0.001 | ||||
<college | 14 (5.6%) | 135 (54.4%) | 99 (39.9%) | 248 (72.5%) | |
college or above | 17 (18.1%) | 39 (41.5%) | 38 (40.4%) | 94 (27.5%) | |
Health insurance | 0.017 | ||||
no | 3 (4.8%) | 25 (39.7%) | 35 (55.6%) | 63 (19.4%) | |
yes | 27 (10.2%) | 142 (53.4%) | 97 (36.5%) | 266 (80.6%) |
Scores | African Americans | Asian Americans | Hispanics | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (sd) | Baseline | 6 Months | p-Value | Baseline | 6 Months | p-Value | Baseline | 6 Months | p-Value |
Non-refined cereals | 2.161 (1.416) | 2.387 (1.585) | ns | 3.362 (1.555) | 4.282 (1.029) | <0.001 | 2.662 (1.432) | 2.446 (1.533) | ns |
Potato | 1.258 (0.855) | 1.097 (0.700) | ns | 1.902 (1.181) | 1.937 (1.128) | ns | 1.957 (1.166) | 1.734 (1.033) | ns |
Fruits/100% Juice | 2.710 (1.419) | 3.581 (1.501) | <0.05 | 3.385 (1.504) | 4.374 (1.022) | <0.001 | 30.058 (1.278) | 3.252 (1.415) | ns |
Vegetables | 3.419 (1.409) | 2.677 (1.400) | <0.05 | 3.908 (1.309) | 3.236 (1.512) | <0.001 | 3.079 (1.246) | 2.403 (1.540) | <0.001 |
Legume | 2.419 (1.523) | 2.323 (1.579) | ns | 2.305 (1.323) | 2.379 (1.180) | ns | 2.748 (1.325) | 2.885 (1.346) | ns |
Fish | 2.742 (1.365) | 2.065 (1.340) | ns | 2.977 (1.351) | 2.718 (1.136) | ns | 2.014 (1.291) | 1.914 (1.182) | ns |
Red meat | 3.645 (1.018) | 2.065 (0.892) | <0.001 | 2.655 (1.252) | 3.195 (1.090) | <0.001 | 2.849 (1.268) | 2.532 (1.229) | <0.05 |
Poultry | 2.613 (1.174) | 3.677 (1.447) | <0.01 | 2.420 (1.399) | 3.736 (1.235) | <0.001 | 2.173 (1.313) | 3.554 (1.303) | <0.001 |
Dairy | 2.742 (1.483) | 3.129 (1.839) | ns | 2.851 (1.467) | 3.701 (1.854) | <0.001 | 2.101 (1.264) | 3.863 (1.441) | <0.001 |
Olive oil | 3.097 (1.795) | 3.097 (1.469) | ns | 2.488 (1.712) | 3.098 (1.749) | <0.005 | 3.022 (1.496) | 3.489 (1.343) | <0.01 |
Alcohol | 4.806 (0.910) | 4.696 (1.063) | ns | 4.747 (1.023) | 4.787 (0.875) | ns | 4.360 (1.460) | 4.688 (1.103) | <0.05 |
Total Score | 31.935 (5.785) | 31.161 (4.140) | ns | 33.080 (4.640) | 33.782 (3.734) | ns | 30.000 (4.535) | 31.187 (4.124) | <0.05 |
Asian American | African American | Hispanic | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | Estimates (Standard Error) | p-Value | Estimates (Standard Error) | p-Value | Estimates (Standard Error) | p-Value |
(intercept) | 27.66 (1.51) | 22.82 (4.03) | 27.03 (1.23) | |||
Time, baseline (vs. 6-month follow-up) | 0.56 (0.40) | 0.16 | −0.54 (0.94) | 0.58 | 1.11 (0.43) | 0.01 * |
Female sex (vs. male) | 0.53 (0.58) | 0.36 | 5.38 (30.05) | 0.09 | 1.41 (0.65) | 0.03 * |
Age | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.001 ** | 0.01 (0.06) | 0.83 | 0.006 (0.02) | 0.74 |
College or above (vs. below college) | 0.61 (0.63) | 0.96 | 0.99 (1.58) | 0.54 | −0.27 (0.72) | 0.71 |
Health insurance coverage (vs. no) | 0.39 (0.75) | 0.53 | 3.65 (3.08) | 0.25 | 2.51 (0.75) | 0.001 ** |
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Zhu, L.; Kim, E.J.; González, E.; Fraser, M.A.; Zhu, S.; Rubio-Torio, N.; Ma, G.X.; Yeh, M.-C.; Tan, Y. Reducing Liver Cancer Risk through Dietary Change: Positive Results from a Community-Based Educational Initiative in Three Racial/Ethnic Groups. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4878. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224878
Zhu L, Kim EJ, González E, Fraser MA, Zhu S, Rubio-Torio N, Ma GX, Yeh M-C, Tan Y. Reducing Liver Cancer Risk through Dietary Change: Positive Results from a Community-Based Educational Initiative in Three Racial/Ethnic Groups. Nutrients. 2022; 14(22):4878. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224878
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Lin, Ellen Jaeseon Kim, Evelyn González, Marilyn A. Fraser, Steven Zhu, Nathaly Rubio-Torio, Grace X. Ma, Ming-Chin Yeh, and Yin Tan. 2022. "Reducing Liver Cancer Risk through Dietary Change: Positive Results from a Community-Based Educational Initiative in Three Racial/Ethnic Groups" Nutrients 14, no. 22: 4878. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224878