The Body Status of Manganese and Activity of This Element-Dependent Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase in a Rat Model of Human Exposure to Cadmium and Co-Administration of Aronia melanocarpa L. Extract
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Experimental Animals
2.3. Experimental Protocol
2.4. Assay of the Concentration of Mn in Biological Fluids, Tissues, and Faeces, as Well as in the Labofeed Diets, Redistilled Water, and 0.1% AE
2.5. Evaluation of the Bioavailability and Retention of Mn in the Body
2.6. Estimation of the Total Content of Mn in Internal Organs
2.7. Determination of the Activity of MnSOD and the Concentrations of Mn and Cd in the Mitochondria of the Liver, Kidney, and Brain
2.7.1. Preparation of the Mitochondrial Fraction
2.7.2. Determination of the Activity of MnSOD
2.7.3. Determination of the Concentrations of Mn and Cd
2.7.4. Estimation of the Concentration of Total Protein
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Daily Intake of Mn via the Labofeed Diet and Drinking Fluids
3.2. Effect of Cd and/or AE on the Body Status of Mn
3.2.1. Apparent Absorption and the Body Retention of Mn, and Its Faecal and Urinary Excretion
3.2.2. The Concentration of Mn in the Stomach and Duodenum
3.2.3. The Concentration of Mn in the Serum and Tissues
3.2.4. Total Content of Mn in Internal Organs
3.3. Effect of Cd and/or AE on the Activity of MnSOD, and the Concentrations of Mn and Cd in the Mitochondrial Fraction of the Liver, Kidney, and Brain
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Group | Daily Intake during the 24-Month Administration 1 | |
---|---|---|
AE [Polyphenols] (mg/kg b.w.) | Cd (μg/kg b.w.) | |
Control | - | 2.30–4.98 |
0.1% AE (AE) | 67.4–146.6 [44.3–96.4] | 2.25–4.95 |
1 mg Cd/kg (Cd1) | - | 39.2–83.8 |
1 mg Cd/kg + 0.1% AE (Cd1 + AE) | 67.2–154.7 [44.2–101.7] | 37.5–84.9 |
5 mg Cd/kg (Cd5) | - | 210.1–403.2 |
5 mg Cd/kg + 0.1% AE (Cd5 + AE) | 63.1–150.3 [41.5–98.8] | 200.2–401.9 |
Group | Mn Intake (mg/kg b.w./24 h) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
3 Months | 10 Months | 17 Months | 24 Months | |
Control | 11.479 10.830–12.038 | 5.347 *** 5.111–6.278 | 5.182 *** 4.523–5.409 | 5.652 *** 5.397–6.276 |
AE | 11.545 10.748–12.294 | 5.805 *** 5.278–5.917 | 5.002 *** 4.619–5.408 | 5.641 *** 5.336–6.106 |
Cd1 | 11.565 10.804–12.320 | 5.591 *** 5.291–6.027 | 5.095 *** 4.762–5.429 | 5.744 *** 5.499–6.296 |
Cd1 + AE | 11.538 10.983–11.900 | 5.587 *** 5.114–6.169 | 4.988 *** 4.762–5.655 | 5.895 *** 5.268–6.878 |
Cd5 | 11.141 10.679–11.740 | 5.620 *** 5.336–5.959 | 5.020 *** 4.542–5.211 | 5.853 *** 5.559–6.944 |
Cd5 + AE | 11.335 10.785–11.655 | 5.720 *** 5.620–5.964 | 4.956 *** 4.743–5.289 | 5.870 *** 5.329–6.931 |
Group | Mn Content (μg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liver | Kidneys | Spleen | Brain | Heart | |
3 Months | |||||
Control | 17.203 14.007–19.909 | 1.4302 1.1793–1.5344 | 0.1108 0.1030–0.1272 | 1.0769 0.9949–1.2456 | 0.4666 0.3760–0.5078 |
AE | 15.641 14.325–16.757 | 1.4062 1.3373–1.5276 | 0.1124 0.0894–0.1448 | 1.1863 * 1.0755–1.3064 ↑ 10% | 0.5008 0.3637–0.6853 |
Cd1 | 14.922 13.440–17.265 | 1.5174 1.2470–1.6783 | 0.1367 * 0.1113–0.1539 ↑ 23% 4 | 0.9457 ** 0.8961–0.9945 ↓ 12% | 0.4612 0.3266–0.5053 |
Cd1 + AE | 15.434 12.265–18.272 | 1.4570 1.3324–1.5486 | 0.1212 0.1005–0.1480 | 1.1308 ††† 1.0169–1.3611 20% | 0.4016 0.3746–0.5880 |
Cd5 | 14.861 13.726–17.315 | 1.3960 1.1715–1.8040 | 0.1336 * 0.1010–0.1640 ↑ 21% | 0.8530 *** 0.7591–0.9941 ↓ 21% | 0.4650 0.3731–0.5843 |
Cd5 + AE | 15.757 13.524–18.984 | 1.3219 1.2104–1.6073 | 0.1355 * 0.1213–0.1560 ↑ 22% | 1.3779 *** ††† ‡‡‡ 1.2279–1.5017 ↑ 28% 61% | 0.4770 0.3574–0.6427 |
10 Months | |||||
Control | 15.968 12.280–19.566 | 0.9707 0.8403–1.2758 | 0.0885 0.0777–0.1260 | 1.0730 0.9609–1.2735 | 0.4818 0.4029–0.5079 |
AE | 16.516 13.132–21.623 | 0.9972 0.8799–1.1366 | 0.0906 0.0728–0.1045 | 0.9985 0.6901–1.4094 | 0.4307 0.3573–0.6381 |
Cd1 | 17.523 15.420–18.591 | 1.0433 0.8891–1.2831 | 0.0960 0.0656–0.1057 | 0.9387 * 0.6052–1.0903 ↓ 12% | 0.5099 0.3833–0.5852 |
Cd1 + AE | 16.465 13.524–18.433 | 0.9824 0.9333–1.0921 | 0.0901 0.07373–0.1465 | 1.2195 †† 0.9981–1.4677 30% | 0.4877 0.3532–0.6908 |
Cd5 | 21.047 *** ‡‡‡ 16.154–23.227 ↑ 32% | 1.1004 1.0737–1.1784 | 0.1007 0.0779–0.1376 | 1.2202 ‡ 0.8001–1.4410 | 0.5897 * 0.4779–0.6411 ↑ 22% |
Cd5 + AE | 16.355 ††† 13.607–17.993 22% | 1.0725 0.9453–1.1966 | 0.0910 0.0725–0.1204 | 0.9244 † ‡‡ 0.7660–1.1211 24% | 0.4705 0.4010–0.6262 |
Group | Mn Content (μg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liver | Kidneys | Spleen | Brain | Heart | |
17 Months | |||||
Control | 19.986 17.953–24.879 | 1.1942 1.1215–1.4911 | 0.1492 0.1239–0.1849 | 1.1898 0.9564–1.6245 | 0.5696 0.4657–0.7360 |
AE | 19.854 18.933–24.663 | 1.3243 1.1184–1.5192 | 0.1919 * 0.1411–0.2750 ↑ 29% 4 | 1.1590 1.0233–1.4371 | 0.6174 0.5222–0.7383 |
Cd1 | 19.610 16.339–27.141 | 1.2306 0.6885–1.4514 | 0.1390 0.1094–0.1982 | 1.1355 0.8848–1.5478 | 0.4915 0.4441–0.5860 |
Cd1 + AE | 21.565 16.131–23.630 | 1.3745 0.8566–1.5348 | 0.1780 0.1411–0.2330 | 1.1292 0.9455–1.1983 | 0.5181 0.4236–0.7106 |
Cd5 | 19.194 15.017–24.167 | 1.3954 ‡ 1.2463–1.5796 | 0.1597 0.1413–0.1960 | 0.9732 ** ‡ 0.7127–1.1645 ↓ 18% | 0.5680 0.3973–0.7040 |
Cd5 + AE | 18.230 15.648–29.830 | 1.4082 1.2262–1.5270 | 0.1473 ‡ 0.1160–0.1893 | 1.1166 0.9020–1.3074 | 0.5094 0.4084–0.6568 |
24 Months | |||||
Control | 20.502 18.387–26.985 | 1.7338 1.1643–1.9272 | 0.1882 0.1527–0.2158 | 1.2136 1.1322–1.3682 | 0.8048 0.5802–0.8828 |
AE | 21.714 18.427–26.752 | 1.5159 1.1668–2.2083 | 0.1823 0.1333–0.3042 | 1.4236 0.8137–1.4560 | 0.6920 0.5522–0.9004 |
Cd1 | 21.173 16.252–25.473 | 1.6397 1.3793–2.2194 | 0.1771 0.1200–0.2821 | 1.4519 ** 1.2269–1.8314 ↑ 20% | 0.6980 0.6137–0.7732 |
Cd1 + AE | 24.604 19.232–29.978 | 1.8263 1.3935–2.0252 | 0.2148 0.1565–0.2889 | 1.1785 †† 0.8500–1.6496 19% | 0.6550 0.5887–0.7678 |
Cd5 | 29.789 *** ‡‡‡ 24.711–34.724 ↑ 45% | 2.1949 ** ‡ 1.6741–2.3331 ↑ 27% | 0.2125 0.1854–0.2678 | 1.3887 1.1759–1.6099 | 0.6304 * 0.5377–0.6879 ↓ 22% |
Cd5 + AE | 20.619 ††† 13.679–28.991 31% | 1.7185 † 1.2205–2.0305 22% | 0.1852 0.1513–2800 | 1.2137 1.0994–1.3173 |
0.5343 *** † ‡ 0.4607–0.6713 ↓ 34% 15% |
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Brzóska, M.M.; Gałażyn-Sidorczuk, M.; Kozłowska, M.; Smereczański, N.M. The Body Status of Manganese and Activity of This Element-Dependent Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase in a Rat Model of Human Exposure to Cadmium and Co-Administration of Aronia melanocarpa L. Extract. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4773. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224773
Brzóska MM, Gałażyn-Sidorczuk M, Kozłowska M, Smereczański NM. The Body Status of Manganese and Activity of This Element-Dependent Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase in a Rat Model of Human Exposure to Cadmium and Co-Administration of Aronia melanocarpa L. Extract. Nutrients. 2022; 14(22):4773. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224773
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrzóska, Małgorzata M., Małgorzata Gałażyn-Sidorczuk, Magdalena Kozłowska, and Nazar M. Smereczański. 2022. "The Body Status of Manganese and Activity of This Element-Dependent Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase in a Rat Model of Human Exposure to Cadmium and Co-Administration of Aronia melanocarpa L. Extract" Nutrients 14, no. 22: 4773. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224773