Short-Term Pilot Study to Evaluate the Impact of Salbi Educa Nutrition App in Macronutrients Intake and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet: Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Dietary Counseling + SAlBi Educa: Randomized Controlled Trial Study
2.1.1. Design
2.1.2. Participants
2.1.3. Randomization
2.1.4. Common Intervention for Both Groups
2.1.5. Specific Intervention (Counseling + SAlBi Educa)
2.1.6. Measurements
2.2. Evaluation of SAlBi Educa Effectiveness during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Online Trial Study
2.3. Ethical Considerations
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Primary Care Counseling plus App: Randomized Control Trial
3.1.1. Participants’ Baseline Characteristics
3.1.2. Impact of SAlBi educa on Energy and Macronutrients Intake, Adherence to MD, and Nutritional Knowledge
3.2. Impact of SAlBi Educa on Healthy Eating Habits during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Online Trial Study
3.2.1. Baseline Characteristics of Participants
3.2.2. Effect of SAlBi Educa over Three Months
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Baseline Characteristics | Randomized Control Trial | Online Trial | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
IG (Counseling + App) (n = 55) | CG (Counseling Only) (n = 49) | p-Value | OG (App Only) (n = 40) | |
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Age, years | 58.5 ± 9.1 | 53.4 ± 15.8 | 0.207 | 43.1 ± 12.5 |
Sex, n (%) | ||||
Women | 41 (74.5) | 38 (77.5) | 0.720 | 27 (67.5) |
Men | 14 (25.5) | 11 (22.5) | 13 (32.5) | |
Educational level, n (%) | ||||
Elementary school | 21 (38.2) | 17 (34.7) | 0.720 | 2 (5) |
High school | 20 (36.4) | 16 (32.6) | 3 (7.5) | |
University studies | 14 (25.4) | 16 (32.6) | 35 (87.5) | |
Work situation, n (%) | ||||
Employed | 18 (32.7) | 14 (28.5) | 0.591 | 27 (67.5) |
Unemployed | 13 (23.7) | 16 (32.6) | 11 (27.5) | |
Retired | 24 (43.6) | 19 (38.7) | 2 (5) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 33.0 ± 7.9 | 31.0 ± 6.3 | 0.280 | 26.9 ± 5.1 |
IG (Counseling + App) | CG (Counseling Only) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W1 Baseline Mean ± SD | W2 Mean ± SD | W3 Mean ± SD | W4 Mean ± SD | W1 Baseline Mean ± SD | W2 Mean ± SD | W3 Mean ± SD | W4 Mean ± SD | |
Energy (Kcal/day) | 1210.9 ± 290.9 | 1282.3 ± 368.2 | 1314.1 ± 354.6 | 1330 ± 319.5 | 1672.9 ± 427.6 | 1539.7 ± 359.3 | 1553.8 ± 381.5 | 1463.7 ± 264.5 |
Carbohydrates (% of energy) | 37.9 ± 6.0 a | 42.3 ± 6.2 | 44.2 ± 9.3 | 46.4 ± 7.8 b | 37.5 ± 7.8 | 38.3 ± 6.3 | 37.9 ± 5.6 | 37.2 ± 7.8 |
Proteins (% of energy) | 19.0 ± 4.4 | 17.3 ± 2.5 | 17.2 ± 4.4 | 16.4 ± 3.0 | 18.4 ± 5.1 | 18.3 ± 3.8 | 18.0 ± 3.9 | 18.8 ± 3.9 |
Total fats (% of energy) | 41.4 ± 5.7 a | 38.6 ± 7.5 | 36.4 ± 5.8 | 33.7 ± 5.8 b | 42.4 ± 6.7 | 42.0 ± 6.3 | 41.4 ± 4.4 | 42.9 ± 4.8 |
Fiber (g/day) | 13.5 ± 6.2 a | 15.2 ± 8.0 | 16.8 ± 7.7 | 19.1 ± 7.3 b | 18.3 ± 8.1 | 18.2 ± 6.9 | 19.5 ± 7.7 | 17.3 ± 6.0 |
Free sugar (% of energy) | 4.7 ± 2.8 | 4.5 ± 2.8 | 5.1 ± 3.1 | 4.0 ± 2.5 | 4.0 ± 2.6 | 3.8 ± 2.4 | 4.1 ± 2.8 | 3.6 ± 1.9 |
Fruit and vegetables (g/day) | 364.7 ± 198.1 | 384.5 ± 229.6 | 373.1 ± 197.8 | 562.8 ± 309.0 | 598.7 ± 321.4 | 569.2 ± 186.7 | 610.7 ± 272.0 | 545.0 ± 218.2 |
MedDiet adherence score | 8.7 ± 2.2 | 9.1 ± 2.0 | 8.2 ± 2.1 a | 9.7 ± 1.9 b | ||||
GNKQ score | 34.8 ± 8.8 | 36.2 ± 7.5 | 33.5 ± 9.0 a | 38.2 ± 5.2 b | ||||
Weight (kg) | 85.4 ± 22.0 | 84.4 ± 21.7 | 85.3 ± 18.5 | 84.3 ± 18.0 | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 33.0 ± 7.9 | 31.9 ± 8.0 | 31.0 ± 6.3 | 31.3 ± 6.7 |
Mean Difference (IG–CG) Week 2 | Mean Difference (IG–CG) Week 3 | Mean Difference (IG–CG) Week 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Difference (95% CI) | p-Value | Mean Difference (95% CI) | p-Value | Mean Difference (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Energy (Kcal/day) | −127.9 (−38.3 to 293.9) | 0.126 | −32.5 (−244.5 to −179.4) | 0.757 | 136.4 (−98.6 to 371.4) | 0.238 |
Carbohydrates (% of energy) | 3.6 (−0.4 to 7.8) | 0.078 | 5.1 (−0.5 to 10.8) | 0.076 | 7.7 (0.16 to 15.2) * | 0.045 |
Proteins (% of energy) | −0.9 (−3.3 to 1.4) | 0.417 | −1.2 (−3.9 to 1.3) | 0.330 | −1.1 (−5.1 to 2.9) | 0.589 |
Total fats (% of energy) | −1.6 (−5.9 to 2.5) | 0.421 | −3.3 (−7.5 to −0.8) | 0.118 | −5.7 (−10.4 to −1.15) * | 0.016 |
Fiber (g/day) | 1.4 (−2.6 to 5.4) | 0.495 | 0.5 (−3.3 to 4.5) | 0.771 | 1.5 (−6.4 to 9.5) | 0.689 |
Free sugar (% of energy) | −0.1 (−1.6 to 1.4) | 0.876 | 0.5 (−1.4 to 1.4) | 0.594 | 0.6 (−2.0 to 3.3) | 0.624 |
Fruit and vegetables (g/day) | 73.2 (−87.3 to 233.8) | 0.359 | −43.3 (−121.6 to 128.0) | 0.615 | 140.2 (−956. to 376.1) | 0.226 |
MedDiet adherence score | −1.3 (−3.3 to 0.6) | 0.180 | ||||
GNKQ score | −0.9 (−4.9 to 2.9) | 0.624 | ||||
Weight (kg) | −0.1 (−0.9 to 0.7) | 0.788 | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.2 (−0.6 to 0.1) | 0.109 |
Nutrients | Online Intervention (App Only) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline Mean ± SD | Month 1 Mean ± SD | Month 2 Mean ± SD | Month 3 Mean ± SD | |
Energy (Kcal/day) | 1531.5 ± 365.3 | 1480.7 ± 341.4 | 1409.7 ± 378.6 | 1409.7 ± 378.6 |
Carbohydrates (% of energy) | 39.1 ± 6.2 | 43.9 ± 7.2 ** | 43.9 ± 7.2 *** | 43.9 ± 7.6 ** |
Proteins (% of energy) | 17.4 ± 3.1 | 17.7 ± 3.6 | 17.7 ± 3.3 | 16.8 ± 3.3 |
Total fats (% of energy) | 40.7 ± 6.0 | 36.5 ± 7.2 ** | 35.3 ± 7.6 *** | 34.7 ± 8.8 *** |
Fiber (g/day) | 15.5 ± 5.9 | 17.9 ± 8.4 | 18.5 ± 9.2 | 18.8 ± 7.8 |
Free sugar (% of energy) | 6.3 ± 3.3 | 5.7 ± 3.5 | 5.7 ± 3.1 | 5.7 ± 3.1 |
Fruit and vegetables (g/day) | 278.4 ± 147.3 | 489.67 ± 265.74 *** | 567.44 ± 320.86 *** | 626.89 ± 216.99 *** |
Legumes (g/day) | 13.7 ± 14.6 | 19.0 ± 9.5 | 21.9 ± 13.7 * | 21.5 ± 8.8 * |
Starchy food (g/day) | 120.6 ± 41.8 | 144.2 ± 45.2 * | 155.5 ± 76.6 * | 157.8 ± 76.1 * |
Wholemeal bread (g/day) | 27.3 ± 35.0 | 35.4 ± 29.5 | 39.9 ± 31.6 | 52.3 ± 45.6 |
Red meat (g/day) | 50.1 ± 30.9 | 36.2 ± 37.8 | 32.4 ± 23.4 | 28.8 ± 21.6 * |
Processed meat (g/day) | 18.2 ± 7.9 | 12.6 ± 9.1 | 11.4 ± 6.0 * | 12.1 ± 11.0 |
ADM score (mean) | 8.2 ± 2.0 | 9.6 ± 1.9 * | ||
GNKQ score (mean) | 34.3 ± 6.7 | 36.5 ± 5.9 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 ± 5.1 | 26.2 ± 6.3 |
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Gonzalez-Ramirez, M.; Sanchez-Carrera, R.; Cejudo-Lopez, A.; Lozano-Navarrete, M.; Salamero Sánchez-Gabriel, E.; Torres-Bengoa, M.A.; Segura-Balbuena, M.; Sanchez-Cordero, M.J.; Barroso-Vazquez, M.; Perez-Barba, F.J.; et al. Short-Term Pilot Study to Evaluate the Impact of Salbi Educa Nutrition App in Macronutrients Intake and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet: Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2061. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102061
Gonzalez-Ramirez M, Sanchez-Carrera R, Cejudo-Lopez A, Lozano-Navarrete M, Salamero Sánchez-Gabriel E, Torres-Bengoa MA, Segura-Balbuena M, Sanchez-Cordero MJ, Barroso-Vazquez M, Perez-Barba FJ, et al. Short-Term Pilot Study to Evaluate the Impact of Salbi Educa Nutrition App in Macronutrients Intake and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet: Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2022; 14(10):2061. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102061
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzalez-Ramirez, Marina, Rocio Sanchez-Carrera, Angela Cejudo-Lopez, Mauricio Lozano-Navarrete, Elena Salamero Sánchez-Gabriel, M. Alfonso Torres-Bengoa, Manuel Segura-Balbuena, Maria J. Sanchez-Cordero, Mercedes Barroso-Vazquez, Francisco J. Perez-Barba, and et al. 2022. "Short-Term Pilot Study to Evaluate the Impact of Salbi Educa Nutrition App in Macronutrients Intake and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet: Randomized Controlled Trial" Nutrients 14, no. 10: 2061. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102061