The Effects of the Healthy Primary School of the Future on Children’s Fruit and Vegetable Preferences, Familiarity and Intake
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. The Healthy Primary School of the Future
2.3. Study Population
2.4. Data Collection Procedures and Measures
2.4.1. FV Familiarity and Preferences
2.4.2. FV Intake
2.4.3. Socio-Demographic Characteristics
2.5. Data Processing and Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Intervention Effects on FV Familiarity and Preferences
3.3. Intervention Effects on FV Intake
4. Discussion
4.1. Post Hoc Analyses
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number of Included Participants, Divided Per Study Year (Study Year at T0 in Brackets) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study Year 4 | Study Year 5 | Study Year 6 | Study Year 7 | Study Year 8 1 | ||||||
Full HPSF | Partial HPSF | Full HPSF | Partial HPSF | Full HPSF | Partial HPSF | Full HPSF | Partial HPSF | Full HPSF | Partial HPSF | |
Timepoint | ||||||||||
T0 (2015) | 48 | 53 | 53 | 61 | 51 | 45 | 58 | 67 | ||
T1 (2016) | 51 (3) | 59 (3) | 50 (4) | 56 (4) | 57 (5) | 62 (5) | 53 (6) | 45 (6) | 60 (7) | 67 (7) |
T2 (2017) | 60 (2) | 80 (2) | 52 (3) | 64 (3) | 55 (4) | 59 (4) | 59 (5) | 62 (5) | 53 (6) | 47 (6) |
T3 (2018) | 48 (1) | 49 (1) | 60 (2) | 80 (2) | 52 (3) | 64 (3) | 55 (4) | 59 (4) | 59 (5) | 62 (5) |
T4 (2019) | 3 (1) 2 | 6 (1) 2 | 48 (1) | 52 (1) | 63 (2) | 82 (2) | 53 (3) | 62 (3) | 56 (4) | 60 (4) |
Fruit | Vegetables |
---|---|
Apple | Cucumber |
Banana | Tomato |
Grapes | Carrot |
Kiwi | Bell pepper |
Mango | Lettuce |
Tangerine | Zucchini |
Pear | Spinach |
Orange | Eggplant |
Melon | Onion |
Pineapple | Leek |
Peach | Peas |
Strawberries | Brussels sprouts |
Broccoli | |
Green beans | |
Cauliflower | |
Kale |
Total (n = 833) | Full HPSF (n = 394) With Exposure to FV | Partial HPSF (n = 439) Without Exposure to FV | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % Missing Values | %/M | SD | n | % Missing Values | %/M | SD | n | % Missing Values | %/M | SD | X2/t-Value | p | |
Sex (% boys) 1 | 833 | 0 | 48 | 394 | 0 | 47 | 439 | 0 | 49 | 0.267 | 0.605 | |||
Age (years) | 833 | 0 | 7.5 | 2.2 | 394 | 0 | 7.5 | 2.1 | 439 | 0 | 7.5 | 2.2 | 0.534 | 0.593 |
Ethnicity (% Western) 1 | 599 | 28 | 96 | 287 | 27 | 94 | 312 | 29 | 97 | 2.566 | 0.109 | |||
SES (%) 1 Lowest tertile | 629 189 | 25 | 30 | 292 82 | 26 | 28 | 337 107 | 23 | 32 | 1.180 | 0.554 | |||
Middle tertile | 233 | 37 | 109 | 37 | 124 | 37 | ||||||||
Highest tertile | 207 | 33 | 101 | 35 | 106 | 32 | ||||||||
Familiarity (mean n unfamiliar items) 2 Fruit (range 0–12) | 418 | 50 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 198 | 50 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 220 | 50 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 0.155 | 0.877 |
Vegetables (range 0–16) | 420 | 50 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 199 | 50 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 221 | 50 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 0.231 | 0.818 |
Preference (mean n disliked items) 2 Fruit (range 0–12) | 393 | 53 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 184 | 53 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 209 | 52 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 0.982 | 0.327 |
Vegetables (range 0–16) | 376 | 55 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 177 | 55 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 199 | 55 | 4.1 | 3.2 | −0.235 | 0.814 |
Fruit intake (%) 1 (almost) Never | 403 21 | 52 | 5 | 190 11 | 52 | 6 | 213 10 | 52 | 5 | 3.684 | 0.298 | |||
Sometimes (1–3 days per week) | 82 | 20 | 31 | 16 | 51 | 24 | ||||||||
Often (4–6 days per week) | 125 | 31 | 62 | 33 | 63 | 30 | ||||||||
Every day | 175 | 43 | 86 | 45 | 89 | 42 | ||||||||
Vegetable intake (%) 1 (almost) Never | 380 15 | 54 | 4 | 184 8 | 53 | 4 | 196 7 | 55 | 4 | 5.026 | 0.170 | |||
Sometimes (1–3 days per week) | 62 | 16 | 22 | 12 | 40 | 20 | ||||||||
Often (4–6 days per week) | 143 | 38 | 72 | 39 | 71 | 36 | ||||||||
Every day | 160 | 42 | 82 | 45 | 78 | 40 |
Full HPSF vs. Partial HPSF | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (95% CI) | p | ES | |||
Familiarity | Number of unfamiliar fruit items | T0–T1 | −0.222 (−0.487; −0.043) | 0.101 | −0.16 |
T0–T2 | 0.031 (−0.271; 0.332) | 0.841 | 0.02 | ||
T0–T3 | −0.102 (−0.426; 0.223) | 0.538 | −0.07 | ||
T0–T4 | 0.351 (−0.005; 0.708) | 0.053 | 0.25 | ||
Number of unfamiliar vegetable items | T0–T1 | −0.604 (−1.058; −0.150) | 0.009 * | −0.28 | |
T0–T2 | −0.465 (−0.990; 0.060) | 0.083 | −0.21 | ||
T0–T3 | −0.768 (−1.333; −0.203) | 0.008 * | −0.35 | ||
T0–T4 | −0.469 (−1.083; 0.146) | 0.135 | −0.22 | ||
Preferences | Number of disliked fruit items | T0–T1 | 0.127 (−0.203; 0.457) | 0.450 | 0.07 |
T0–T2 | −0.031 (−0.423; 0.361) | 0.877 | −0.02 | ||
T0–T3 | 0.094 (−0.335; 0.523) | 0.667 | 0.05 | ||
T0–T4 | 0.083 (−0.391; 0.558) | 0.730 | 0.04 | ||
Number of disliked vegetable items | T0–T1 | 0.808 (0.151; 1.464) | 0.016 * | 0.24 | |
T0–T2 | 0.336 (−0.431; 1.103) | 0.390 | 0.10 | ||
T0–T3 | 0.016 (−0.821; 0.853) | 0.970 | 0.00 | ||
T0–T4 | 0.266 (−0.651; 1.184) | 0.569 | 0.08 |
Full HPSF vs. Partial HPSF | |||
---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | ||
Fruit intake | T0–T1 | 0.609 (0.389; 0.952) | 0.030 * |
T0–T2 | 0.626 (0.383; 1.021) | 0.061 | |
T0–T3 | 0.798 (0.478; 1.334) | 0.390 | |
T0–T4 | 0.451 (0.259; 0.786) | 0.005 * | |
Vegetable intake | T0–T1 | 0.828 (0.490; 1.402) | 0.483 |
T0–T2 | 1.330 (0.750; 2.359) | 0.329 | |
T0–T3 | 1.009 (0.548; 1.856) | 0.978 | |
T0–T4 | 1.008 (0.538; 1.887) | 0.981 |
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Hahnraths, M.T.H.; Willeboordse, M.; van Assema, P.; Winkens, B.; van Schayck, C.P. The Effects of the Healthy Primary School of the Future on Children’s Fruit and Vegetable Preferences, Familiarity and Intake. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3241. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093241
Hahnraths MTH, Willeboordse M, van Assema P, Winkens B, van Schayck CP. The Effects of the Healthy Primary School of the Future on Children’s Fruit and Vegetable Preferences, Familiarity and Intake. Nutrients. 2021; 13(9):3241. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093241
Chicago/Turabian StyleHahnraths, Marla T. H., Maartje Willeboordse, Patricia van Assema, Bjorn Winkens, and Constant P. van Schayck. 2021. "The Effects of the Healthy Primary School of the Future on Children’s Fruit and Vegetable Preferences, Familiarity and Intake" Nutrients 13, no. 9: 3241. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093241