The Equity and Effectiveness of Achieving Canada’s Voluntary Sodium Reduction Guidance Targets: A Modelling Study Using the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey—Nutrition

Smith, Brendan T.; Hack, Salma; Jessri, Mahsa; Arcand, JoAnne; McLaren, Lindsay; L’Abbé, Mary R.; Anderson, Laura N.; Hobin, Erin; Hammond, David; Manson, Heather; Rosella, Laura C.; Manuel, Douglas G.

doi:10.3390/nu13030779

Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Edit a Special Issue

Article Menu

...

Open AccessArticle

The Equity and Effectiveness of Achieving Canada’s Voluntary Sodium Reduction Guidance Targets: A Modelling Study Using the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey—Nutrition

^1,2,*,†

^1,†,

⁴,

⁵,

⁶,

^7,8

^1,2,9,

⁹,

^1,2,9,

^2,10

and

Douglas G. Manuel

^{10,11,12,13,14}

Health Promotion, Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON M5G 1V2, Canada

Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada

Food, Nutrition and Health Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada

⁴

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada

⁵

Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada

⁶

Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada

⁷

Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada

⁸

Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Sickkids Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada

⁹

School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

¹⁰

ICES, Toronto, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada

¹¹

Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada

¹²

Health Analysis Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0T6, Canada

¹³

Department of Family Medicine, and School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada

¹⁴

Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1R 6M1, Canada

Show full affiliation list

Hide full affiliation list

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Academic Editor: Murielle Bochud

Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030779

Received: 5 January 2021 / Revised: 2 February 2021 / Accepted: 5 February 2021 / Published: 27 February 2021

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

View Full-Text Download PDF

Browse Figure

Review Reports Citation Export

Abstract

Background: High sodium intake is a leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. This study estimated full compliance to Canada’s voluntary sodium reduction guidance (SRG) targets on social inequities and population sodium intake. Methods: We conducted a modeling study using n = 19,645, 24 h dietary recalls (Canadians ≥ 2 years) from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey—Nutrition (2015 CCHS-N). Multivariable linear regressions were used to estimate mean sodium intake in measured (in the 2015 CCHS-N) and modelled (achieving SRG targets) scenarios across education, income and food security. The percentage of Canadians with sodium intakes above chronic disease risk reduction (CDRR) thresholds was estimated using the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) method. Results: In children aged 2–8, achieving SRG targets reduced mean sodium intake differences between food secure and insecure households from 271 mg/day (95%CI: 75,468) to 83 mg/day (95%CI: −45,212); a finding consistent across education and income. Mean sodium intake inequities between low and high education households were eliminated for females aged 9–18 (96 mg/day, 95%CI: −149,341) and adults aged 19 and older (males: 148 mg/day, 95%CI: −30,327; female: −45 mg/day, 95%CI: −141,51). Despite these declines (after achieving the SRG targets) the majority of Canadians’ are above the CDRR thresholds. Conclusion: Achieving SRG targets would eliminate social inequities in sodium intake and reduce population sodium intake overall; however, additional interventions are required to reach recommended sodium levels. View Full-Text

Keywords: sodium reformulation; sodium intake; 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey—Nutrition; social inequities; socioeconomic position; sodium reduction guidance targets

▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

Supplementary Material

Supplementary File 1:
PDF-Document (PDF, 368 KiB)

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Smith, B.T.; Hack, S.; Jessri, M.; Arcand, J.; McLaren, L.; L’Abbé, M.R.; Anderson, L.N.; Hobin, E.; Hammond, D.; Manson, H.; Rosella, L.C.; Manuel, D.G. The Equity and Effectiveness of Achieving Canada’s Voluntary Sodium Reduction Guidance Targets: A Modelling Study Using the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey—Nutrition. Nutrients 2021, 13, 779. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030779

AMA Style

Smith BT, Hack S, Jessri M, Arcand J, McLaren L, L’Abbé MR, Anderson LN, Hobin E, Hammond D, Manson H, Rosella LC, Manuel DG. The Equity and Effectiveness of Achieving Canada’s Voluntary Sodium Reduction Guidance Targets: A Modelling Study Using the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey—Nutrition. Nutrients. 2021; 13(3):779. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030779

Chicago/Turabian Style

Smith, Brendan T., Salma Hack, Mahsa Jessri, JoAnne Arcand, Lindsay McLaren, Mary R. L’Abbé, Laura N. Anderson, Erin Hobin, David Hammond, Heather Manson, Laura C. Rosella, and Douglas G. Manuel. 2021. "The Equity and Effectiveness of Achieving Canada’s Voluntary Sodium Reduction Guidance Targets: A Modelling Study Using the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey—Nutrition" Nutrients 13, no. 3: 779. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030779

Find Other Styles

Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Abstract views Pdf views Html views

Article Menu

The Equity and Effectiveness of Achieving Canada’s Voluntary Sodium Reduction Guidance Targets: A Modelling Study Using the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey—Nutrition

Abstract

Supplementary Material

Share and Cite

Article Metrics

Article Access Statistics

Article Access Map by Country/Region

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI