Adherence to Mediterranean Diet Related with Physical Fitness and Physical Activity in Schoolchildren Aged 6–13
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.2.1. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD)
Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for Children and Teenagers (KIDMED Index)
2.2.2. ALPHA-FIT Test Battery
Anthropometric Measurements
Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF)
Muscular Fitness
Motor Fitness
2.2.3. Physical Activity
Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C)
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Boys | Girls | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low MD n = 18 (8.8%) | Moderate MD n = 133 (65.2%) | High MD n = 53 (26.0%) | p | d | Low MD n = 15 (9.0%) | Moderate MD n = 108 (65.1%) | High MD n = 43 (25.9%) | p | d | |
Age (years) | 9.1 ± 1.3 | 8.9 ± 1.8 | 8.5 ± 1.9 | 0.378 | 0.03 | 8.7 ± 1.7 | 8.4 ± 1.8 | 8.6 ± 1.8 | 0.779 | 0.19 |
Weight (kg) | 39.07 ± 10.77 | 36.19 ± 10.15 | 36.03 ± 12.23 | 0.451 | 0.09 | 33.30 ± 12.05 | 34.04 ± 10.34 | 37.48 ± 12.38 | 0.208 | 0.17 |
Height (m) | 1.39 ± 0.07 | 1.37 ± 0.11 | 1.36 ± 0.13 | 0.637 | 0.15 | 1.34 ± 0.12 | 1.34 ± 0.12 | 1.35 ± 0.14 | 0.812 | 0.20 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 20.07 ± 4.23 | 18.96 ± 3.39 | 19.02 ± 3.68 | 0.560 | 0.13 | 18.11 ± 3.84 | 18.73 ± 3.69 | 20.07 ± 4.41 | 0.043* | 0.33 |
BMI (z-score) | 0.84 ± 0.94 | 1.12 ± 1.36 | 1.27 ± 1.04 | 0.385 | 0.04 | 0.99 ± 0.88 | 1.20 ± 1.25 | 1.09 ± 1.17 | 0.832 | 0.20 |
WC (cm) | 64.27±5.98 | 63.18 ± 7.52 | 62.33 ± 8.6 | 0.202 | 0.16 | 59.18 ± 8.13 | 60.35 ± 8.88 | 62.64 ± 8.03 | 0.120 | 0.24 |
WHtR (WC/Height (cm)) | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 0.884 | 0.19 | 0.44 ± 0.04 | 0.45 ± 0.06 | 0.46 ± 0.05 | 0.082 | 0.27 |
BF (kg) | 12.50 ± 6.39 | 10.91 ± 5.43 | 11.04 ± 6.46 | 0.491 | 0.11 | 10.72 ± 6.23 | 10.77 ± 5.78 | 12.76 ± 6.73 | 0.161 | 0.20 |
BF (%) | 30.40 ± 7.68 | 28.76 ± 6.36 | 28.67 ± 7.06 | 0.632 | 0.15 | 30.14 ± 7.12 | 29.88 ± 7.70 | 32.35 ± 7.40 | 0.181 | 0.19 |
FFM (kg) | 26.56 ± 4.83 | 25.29 ± 5.21 | 24.99 ± 6.12 | 0.509 | 0.11 | 22.58 ± 6.04 | 23.27 ± 5.26 | 24.72 ± 6.41 | 0.328 | 0.08 |
FFM (%) | 69.60 ± 7.68 | 71.24 ± 6.36 | 71.33 ± 7.06 | 0.632 | 0.15 | 69.86 ± 7.12 | 70.12 ± 7.70 | 67.65 ± 7.40 | 0.181 | 0.19 |
Handgrip strength (kg) | 13.08 ± 2.46 | 13.86 ± 4.07 | 13.12 ± 4.04 | 0.433 | 0.18 | 12.51 ± 4.35 | 11.91 ± 3.54 | 12.90 ± 4.19 | 0.339 | 0.23 |
Handgrip strength/BW | 0.34 ± 0.08 | 0.39 ± 0.08 | 0.38 ± 0.09 | 0.154 | 0.27 | 0.38 ± 0.05 | 0.36 ± 0.08 | 0.35 ± 0.07 | 0.484 | 0.19 |
Standing broad jump (cm) | 120.2 ± 29.9 | 116.2 ± 24.6 | 120.5 ± 26.9 | 0.538 | 0.16 | 108.6 ± 25.8 | 106.6 ± 22.2 | 111.2 ± 23.5 | 0.537 | 0.18 |
4 × 10 m Shuttle Run Test (s) | 13.49 ± 1.44 | 13.52 ± 1.64 | 13.57 ± 1.25 | 0.710 | 0.16 | 14.32 ± 1.53 | 14.05 ± 1.11 | 14.03 ± 1.61 | 0.690 | 0.18 |
20 m Shuttle Run Test (laps) | 16.1 ± 12.8 a | 21.0 ± 14.3 | 23.4 ± 13.4 | 0.048 * | 0.29 | 15.5 ± 7.1 | 16.3 ± 9.7 | 17.9 ± 9.6 | 0.412 | 0.08 |
CRF (mL/kg/min) | 43.31 ± 4.00 a | 45.20 ± 4.29 | 46.36 ± 4.56 | 0.019 * | 0.35 | 43.98 ± 4.03 | 44.60 ± 4.01 | 44.89 ± 3.73 | 0.699 | 0.18 |
PAQ-C (score) | 1.87 ± 0.53 a,b | 2.23 ± 0.45 | 2.28 ± 0.52 | 0.040 * | 0.30 | 1.96 ± 0.38 | 2.04 ± 0.40 a | 2.22 ± 0.45 | 0.016 * | 0.40 |
Variables | Crude | Adjusted # |
---|---|---|
Handgrip strength (kg) | −0.015 (0.779) | 0.065 (0.213) |
Handgrip strength/BW | −0.010 (0.841) | 0.040 (0.442) |
Standing broad jump (cm) | 0.069 (0.188) | 0.147 ** (0.005) |
4 x 10 m Shuttle Run Test (s) | 0.002 (0.967) | −0.057 (0.276) |
20 m Shuttle Run Test (laps) | 0.104 * (0.045) | 0.141 ** (0.007) |
CRF (mL/kg/min) | 0.134 ** (0.010) | 0.144 ** (0.006) |
PAQ-C (score) | 0.162 ** (0.002) | 0.232 *** (<0.001) |
Predictors | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low MD (0–3) | Moderate MD (4–7) | High MD (≥8) | Low MD (0–3) | Moderate MD (4–7) | High MD (≥8) | |
Handgrip strength (kg) | 1 | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 1.01 (0.92–1.12) | 1 | 1.09 (0.93–1.26) | 1.11 (0.94–1.32) |
Handgrip strength/BW | 1 | 6.68 (0.08–576.95) | 1.68 (0.01–212.40) | 1 | 11.30 (0.05–2648.77) | 9.52 (0.03–3625.12) |
Standing broad jump (cm) | 1 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 1 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
4 × 10 m Shuttle Run Test (s) | 1 | 0.95 (0.74–1.22) | 0.96 (0.73–1.25) | 1 | 0.91 (0.67–1.25) | 0.83 (0.59–1.17) |
20 m Shuttle Run Test (nº laps) | 1 | 1.03 (0.99–1.06) | 1.04 * (1.00–1.08) | 1 | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.06 ** (1.01–1.11) |
CRF (mL/kg/min) | 1 | 1.08 (0.99–1.18) | 1.13 * (1.02–1.25) | 1 | 1.11 (0.96–1.28) | 1.23 ** (1.06–1.44) |
PAQ-C (score) | 1 | 3.72 ** (1.49–9.28) | 6.24 *** (2.33–16.70) | 1 | 4.06 ** (1.58–10.44) | 7.51 *** (2.71–20.86) |
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López-Gil, J.F.; Brazo-Sayavera, J.; García-Hermoso, A.; Yuste Lucas, J.L. Adherence to Mediterranean Diet Related with Physical Fitness and Physical Activity in Schoolchildren Aged 6–13. Nutrients 2020, 12, 567. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020567
López-Gil JF, Brazo-Sayavera J, García-Hermoso A, Yuste Lucas JL. Adherence to Mediterranean Diet Related with Physical Fitness and Physical Activity in Schoolchildren Aged 6–13. Nutrients. 2020; 12(2):567. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020567
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-Gil, José Francisco, Javier Brazo-Sayavera, Antonio García-Hermoso, and Juan Luis Yuste Lucas. 2020. "Adherence to Mediterranean Diet Related with Physical Fitness and Physical Activity in Schoolchildren Aged 6–13" Nutrients 12, no. 2: 567. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020567