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Article

Maternal Iodine Status is Associated with Offspring Language Skills in Infancy and Toddlerhood

by
Maria Wik Markhus
1,*,
Lisbeth Dahl
1,
Vibeke Moe
2,
Marianne Hope Abel
3,4,
Anne Lise Brantsæter
3,
Jannike Øyen
1,
Helle Margrete Meltzer
3,
Kjell Morten Stormark
5,
Ingvild Eide Graff
1,
Lars Smith
2 and
Marian Kjellevold
1
1
Institute of Marine Research, P.O box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
2
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
3
Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456 Oslo, Norway
4
Department of Nutrition, TINE SA, 0902 Oslo, Norway
5
Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Uni Research Health, Uni Research, P.O box 7810, 5020 Bergen, Norway
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2018, 10(9), 1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091270
Submission received: 22 August 2018 / Revised: 3 September 2018 / Accepted: 6 September 2018 / Published: 9 September 2018
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Abstract

Inadequate iodine status affects the synthesis of the thyroid hormones and may impair brain development in fetal life. The aim of this study was to explore the association between maternal iodine status in pregnancy measured by urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and child neurodevelopment at age 6, 12 and 18 months in a population-based cohort. In total, 1036 families from nine locations in Norway were enrolled in the little in Norway cohort. The present study includes n = 851 mother-child pairs with singleton pregnancies, no use of thyroid medication in pregnancy, no severe genetic disorder, data on exposure (UIC) in pregnancy and developmental outcomes (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition). Data collection also included general information from questionnaires. We examined associations between UIC (and use of iodine-containing supplements) and repeated measures of developmental outcomes using multivariable mixed models. The median UIC in pregnancy was 78 µg/L (IQR 46–130), classified as insufficient iodine intake according to the WHO. Eighteen percent reported use of iodine-containing multisupplements. A UIC below ~100 was associated with reduced receptive (p = 0.025) and expressive language skills (p = 0.002), but not with reduced cognitive or fine- and gross motor skills. Maternal use of iodine-containing supplements was associated with lower gross motor skills (b = −0.18, 95% CI = −0.33, −0.03, p = 0.02), but not with the other outcome measures. In conclusion, an insufficient iodine intake in pregnancy, reflected in a UIC below ~100 µg/L, was associated with lower infant language skills up to 18 months. The use of iodine-containing supplements was not associated with beneficial effects.
Keywords: Bayley; cohort; pregnancy; iodine status; iodine supplementation; infants; ICP-MS; mild to moderate iodine deficiency; neurodevelopment; urinary iodine concentration Bayley; cohort; pregnancy; iodine status; iodine supplementation; infants; ICP-MS; mild to moderate iodine deficiency; neurodevelopment; urinary iodine concentration

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MDPI and ACS Style

Markhus, M.W.; Dahl, L.; Moe, V.; Abel, M.H.; Brantsæter, A.L.; Øyen, J.; Meltzer, H.M.; Stormark, K.M.; Graff, I.E.; Smith, L.; et al. Maternal Iodine Status is Associated with Offspring Language Skills in Infancy and Toddlerhood. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1270. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091270

AMA Style

Markhus MW, Dahl L, Moe V, Abel MH, Brantsæter AL, Øyen J, Meltzer HM, Stormark KM, Graff IE, Smith L, et al. Maternal Iodine Status is Associated with Offspring Language Skills in Infancy and Toddlerhood. Nutrients. 2018; 10(9):1270. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091270

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markhus, Maria Wik, Lisbeth Dahl, Vibeke Moe, Marianne Hope Abel, Anne Lise Brantsæter, Jannike Øyen, Helle Margrete Meltzer, Kjell Morten Stormark, Ingvild Eide Graff, Lars Smith, and et al. 2018. "Maternal Iodine Status is Associated with Offspring Language Skills in Infancy and Toddlerhood" Nutrients 10, no. 9: 1270. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091270

APA Style

Markhus, M. W., Dahl, L., Moe, V., Abel, M. H., Brantsæter, A. L., Øyen, J., Meltzer, H. M., Stormark, K. M., Graff, I. E., Smith, L., & Kjellevold, M. (2018). Maternal Iodine Status is Associated with Offspring Language Skills in Infancy and Toddlerhood. Nutrients, 10(9), 1270. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091270

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