Ten-Year Monitoring of the Grandes Jorasses Glaciers Kinematics. Limits, Potentialities, and Possible Applications of Different Monitoring Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Area of Interest: The Grandes Jorasses Glacial Complex
3. Implementation: Survey Methods
3.1. Robotic Total Station
3.2. GNSS
3.3. Time-Lapse Imagery
3.4. Terrestrial Radar Interferometry
3.5. Data Integration
4. Results
4.1. Robotic Total Station and GNSS
4.2. Time-Lapse Camera
4.3. Terrestrial Radar Interferometry
4.4. Data Integration
4.5. Uncertainty Analysis
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Apparatus | Monitored Area | Survey Period | Operative Range | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
RTS | Whymper Serac | October 2010–in activity | 4800 m | [35] |
GNSS | Whymper Serac | October 2010–2012 | --- | [46] |
TLC | Montitaz Lobe | August 2013–in activity | 3800 m | [37,40] |
TLC | Whymper Serac | August 2016–in activity | 4800 m | [41] |
TRI | Montitaz Lobe | 9 August 2013 (2 h) 7 August 2014 (2 h) | 2500 m/3800 m * | [47] |
TRI | Whymper Serac | 9 August 2013 (2 h) 8 August 2014 (3 h) | 4800 m/5400 m * | [47] |
TRI | Montitaz Lobe | 2 September–14 October 2015 | 2500 m | [38] |
TRI | Montitaz Lobe | 13-19 June 2016 | 2500 m | |
TRI | Montitaz Lobe | 26 September 2019–in activity | 2500 m | |
TRI | Whymper Serac | 16 January 2020–in activity | 4800 m |
Survey System | Measurement | Measurement Uncertainty | Acquisition Frequency | Financial Cost [103 €] | Advantages | Limitations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RTS | Point 3D displacement | ~100 mm | Hour | 30–50 | Long-life | Uncertainty increasing with range Need for on-site access Weather sensitive |
GNSS | Point 3D displacement | ~20 mm | Hour | 1–10 each | Continuous survey Weather insensitive | Need for on-site access Need for on-site power supply Possible sensor loss |
TLC | Area 2D components orthogonal to LOS | ~20 mm | Day | 5–10 | Low-cost Long life Remote sensing | Low sensitivity Weather sensitive No nocturnal acquisition Non-geocoded measurement |
TRI | Area 1D component parallel to LOS | ~1 mm | Minute | 150–350 | High acquisition frequency Continuous survey Remote sensing | Expensive Complex processing Difficult logistics |
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Dematteis, N.; Giordan, D.; Troilo, F.; Wrzesniak, A.; Godone, D. Ten-Year Monitoring of the Grandes Jorasses Glaciers Kinematics. Limits, Potentialities, and Possible Applications of Different Monitoring Systems. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 3005. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13153005
Dematteis N, Giordan D, Troilo F, Wrzesniak A, Godone D. Ten-Year Monitoring of the Grandes Jorasses Glaciers Kinematics. Limits, Potentialities, and Possible Applications of Different Monitoring Systems. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(15):3005. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13153005
Chicago/Turabian StyleDematteis, Niccolò, Daniele Giordan, Fabrizio Troilo, Aleksandra Wrzesniak, and Danilo Godone. 2021. "Ten-Year Monitoring of the Grandes Jorasses Glaciers Kinematics. Limits, Potentialities, and Possible Applications of Different Monitoring Systems" Remote Sensing 13, no. 15: 3005. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13153005