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Volume 17
Issue 24
10.3390/su172411142
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Article

Synergistic Remediation of Coastal Wetlands: Identifying Optimal Substrate Amendment and Incorporation Ratio for Enhanced Kandelia obovata Growth and Nutrient Management

by
Xian Pan
1,
Jianhua Li
1,
Zhiquan Wang
1,
Shunfeng Jiang
1,
Yawei Liu
1,
Shengbing He
2,
Keiichi Mochida
3,4,5,
Min Zhao
1,
Xiangyong Zheng
1,* and
Huachang Jin
1,6,*
1
National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Green Papermaking and Resource Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
3
RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
4
School of Information and Data Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
5
Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan
6
Institute for Eco-Environmental Research of Sanyang Wetland, Wenzhou 325035, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 11142; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411142
Submission received: 10 November 2025 / Revised: 5 December 2025 / Accepted: 10 December 2025 / Published: 12 December 2025
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Abstract

Substrate amendment is a promising strategy to enhance phytoremediation in degraded coastal wetlands, yet the selection of optimal materials and their incorporation ratios remains challenging. This study systematically investigated the effects of five amendments, viz., manganese sand, maifan stone, bentonite, iron–carbon (Fe-C), and vermiculite, across an incorporation ratio gradient (5–40%) on the growth of the mangrove, Kandelia obovata, and the physicochemical properties of coastal wetland substrate. Results demonstrated material-specific and dose-dependent responses. Four amendments (vermiculite, Fe-C, manganese sand, and maifan stone) promoted Kandelia obovata growth to varying degrees, while bentonite exhibited significant inhibition. All amendments ensured the physical stability of the substrate. Nutrient removal efficiency followed the order: Fe-C > vermiculite > maifan stone > manganese sand, with 10% Fe-C showing the highest comprehensive nutrient removal. Conversely, bentonite functioned as a nutrient enrichment agent. The amendments differentially influenced redox potential, CO2 emissions, and electrical conductivity, yet all maintained a stable substrate pH. A comprehensive evaluation considering plant growth, nutrient removal, and CO2 sequestration identified maifan stone as the optimal amendment, with the 40% incorporation ratio delivering the most favorable integrated performance. This study provides critical, ratio-specific guidance for selecting and applying substrate amendments in coastal wetland restoration. This study provides critical, ratio-specific guidance for selecting and applying environmentally sustainable amendments, supporting the development of nature-based solutions for long-term coastal wetland restoration.
Keywords: coastal wetland restoration; substrate amendment; Kandelia obovata; nutrient removal; CO2 sequestration coastal wetland restoration; substrate amendment; Kandelia obovata; nutrient removal; CO2 sequestration

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pan, X.; Li, J.; Wang, Z.; Jiang, S.; Liu, Y.; He, S.; Mochida, K.; Zhao, M.; Zheng, X.; Jin, H. Synergistic Remediation of Coastal Wetlands: Identifying Optimal Substrate Amendment and Incorporation Ratio for Enhanced Kandelia obovata Growth and Nutrient Management. Sustainability 2025, 17, 11142. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411142

AMA Style

Pan X, Li J, Wang Z, Jiang S, Liu Y, He S, Mochida K, Zhao M, Zheng X, Jin H. Synergistic Remediation of Coastal Wetlands: Identifying Optimal Substrate Amendment and Incorporation Ratio for Enhanced Kandelia obovata Growth and Nutrient Management. Sustainability. 2025; 17(24):11142. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411142

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pan, Xian, Jianhua Li, Zhiquan Wang, Shunfeng Jiang, Yawei Liu, Shengbing He, Keiichi Mochida, Min Zhao, Xiangyong Zheng, and Huachang Jin. 2025. "Synergistic Remediation of Coastal Wetlands: Identifying Optimal Substrate Amendment and Incorporation Ratio for Enhanced Kandelia obovata Growth and Nutrient Management" Sustainability 17, no. 24: 11142. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411142

APA Style

Pan, X., Li, J., Wang, Z., Jiang, S., Liu, Y., He, S., Mochida, K., Zhao, M., Zheng, X., & Jin, H. (2025). Synergistic Remediation of Coastal Wetlands: Identifying Optimal Substrate Amendment and Incorporation Ratio for Enhanced Kandelia obovata Growth and Nutrient Management. Sustainability, 17(24), 11142. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411142

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