Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Agri-Food Systems in West Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Bibliometrics and Research Geography
3.2. Agriculture Subsectors and Food Chain Stages
3.3. Impacts on Food Security and Nutrition
3.4. Impacts on Food System Sustainability
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Confirmed Cases * | Deaths * | Vaccine Doses Administered * | Population (Thousands, 2021) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Benin | 27,999 | 163 | 4,232,541 | 12,996.90 |
Burkina Faso | 22,056 | 396 | 5,856,003 | 22,100.68 |
Cabo Verde/Cape Verde | 63,244 | 413 | 859,940 | 587.92 |
Côte d’Ivoire/Ivory Coast | 88,208 | 834 | 25,263,932 | 27,478.25 |
Gambia | 12,598 | 372 | 1,444,492 | 2639.92 |
Ghana | 171,172 | 1462 | 22,384,226 | 32,833.03 |
Guinea | 38,267 | 467 | 10,624,849 | 13,531.91 |
Guinea-Bissau | 8960 | 176 | 593,508 | 2060.72 |
Liberia | 8090 | 294 | 4,460,668 | 5193.42 |
Mali | 33,051 | 743 | 4,916,568 | 21,904.98 |
Mauritania | 63,439 | 997 | 4,068,530 | 4614.97 |
Niger | 9513 | 315 | 7,241,942 | 25,252.72 |
Nigeria | 266,598 | 3155 | 111,985,403 | 213,401.32 |
Senegal | 88,921 | 1971 | 2,929,547 | 16,876.72 |
Sierra Leone | 7760 | 125 | 7,009,905 | 8420.64 |
Togo | 39,382 | 290 | 3,398,445 | 8644.83 |
Source | WHO [2] | World Bank [31] |
Country | Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing, Value Added (% of GDP)—2019 | Employment in Agriculture (% of Total Employment)—2019 | Prevalence of Undernourishment (% Population) | Prevalence of Moderate or Severe Food Insecurity (% Population) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017–2019 | 2019–2021 | 2017–2019 | 2019–2021 | |||
Benin | 26.9 | 38 | 7.4 | 7.4 | n.a. | 67.9 |
Burkina Faso | 18.4 | 26 | 19.2 | 18.0 | 47.7 | 52.6 |
Cabo Verde | 4.6 | 11 | 18.5 | 17.7 | 37.7 | 35.4 |
Côte d’Ivoire | 20.7 | 40 | 19.9 | 4.4 | 42.8 | |
Gambia | 20.0 | 27 | 11.9 | 21.6 | 54.3 | 58.0 |
Ghana | 17.3 | 30 | 6.5 | 4.1 | 51.1 | 36.6 |
Guinea | 26.4 | 61 | n.a. | n.a. | 74.1 | 73.3 |
Guinea-Bissau | 30.4 | 60 | n.a. | 31.7 | n.a. | 75.0 |
Liberia | 36.4 | 43 | 37.5 | 38.3 | 88.5 | 80.6 |
Mali | 37.3 | 62 | 5.1 | 9.8 | n.a. | n.a. |
Mauritania | 21.7 | 31 | 11.9 | 10.1 | 44.8 | 45.3 |
Niger | 36.9 | 73 | n.a. | 19.8 | n.a. | |
Nigeria | 21.9 | 35 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 44.1 | 58.5 |
Senegal | 14.9 | 30 | 9.4 | 7.5 | 40.7 | 49.2 |
Sierra Leone | 58.2 | 54 | 26.0 | 27.4 | 81.4 | 86.7 |
Togo | 19.8 | 32 | 20.7 | 18.8 | 62.5 | |
Source | World Bank [31] | FAO [14] | FAO et al. [14] | FAO [14] | FAO et al. [14] |
Selection Step | Number of Documents Selected | Number of Documents Excluded and Reasons for Exclusion |
---|---|---|
Search on WoS | 176 | No duplicate |
Screening of records based on titles | 176 | 7 documents were discarded because they deal with countries outside West Africa, e.g., Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Papua New Guinea, Sao Tome and Principe, Tanzania, and Uganda |
Screening of records based on abstracts | 169 | 74 documents excluded:
|
Scrutiny of full texts | 95 | 8 documents excluded:
|
Confirmation of eligibility and inclusion in the systematic review | 87 |
Year | Number of Documents | References |
---|---|---|
2023 * | 4 | Agyei-Holmes et al. [47]; Balana et al. [48]; Bamidele et al. [49]; Jha et al. [50] |
2022 | 28 | Aberese-Ako et al. [51]; Aggarwal et al. [52]; Amoako et al. [53]; Asante et al. [54]; Bamiwuye et al. [55]; Bukari et al. [56]; Dasgupta and Robinson [57]; Folayan et al. [58]; Folorunso et al. [59]; Gligorić et al. [60]; Iheme et al. [61]; Kuuwill et al. [62]; Lamontagne et al. [63]; Martey et al. [64]; Middendorf et al. [65]; Mueller et al. [66]; Odebunmi et al. [67]; Omeje et al. [68]; Omidiji et al. [69]; Omotayo et al. [70]; Onyenweaku et al. [71]; Onyenweaku et al. [72]; Ouoba and Sawadogo [73]; Ragasa et al. [74]; Rudin-Rush et al. [75]; Tchuenchieu Kamgain et al. [76]; Traoré et al. [77]; Wrabel et al. [78] |
2021 | 48 | Abay et al. [79]; Adebayo and Oluwamayowa [80]; Adenubi et al. [81]; Adewopo et al. [82]; Adjognon et al. [83]; Agbawodikeizu et al. [84]; Agyei et al. [85]; Amare et al. [86]; Andrieu et al. [87]; Asante-Poku and van Huellen [88]; Ayande and Chilufya [89]; Baada et al. [90]; Bamidele and Amole [91]; Chiemela et al. [92]; Coulibaly [93]; Dasgupta and Robinson [94]; Davis et al. [95]; de Boef et al. [96]; Dear et al. [97]; Dugué et al. [98]; Eboreime et al. [99]; Egger et al. [100]; Ekoh et al. [101]; Folayan et al. [102]; Gummerson et al. [103]; Hemler et al. [104]; Houessou et al. [105]; Ilesanmi et al. [106]; Inegbedion [107]; Jha et al. [108]; Josephson et al. [109]; Kasim et al. [110]; Liverpool-Tasie et al. [111]; Madzorera et al. [112]; Mertens and Peñalvo [113]; Middendorf et al. [114]; Nchanji and Lutomia [115]; Nkrumah et al. [116]; Obayelu et al. [117]; Ogunji et al. [118]; Okonkwo et al. [119]; Saah et al. [120]; Ukaro Ofuoku et al. [121]; Vall et al. [122]; Van Hoyweghen et al. [123]; Wang et al. [124]; Yaw Codjoe et al. [125]; Yegbemey et al. [126] |
2020 | 7 | Afriyie et al. [127]; Arouna et al. [128]; Buonsenso et al. [129]; Igwe et al. [130]; Kinda et al. [34]; Okyere et al. [131]; Zidouemba et al. [132] |
Item | Description | Used Method References |
---|---|---|
Bibliographical metrics | Sources/journals, research areas, authors, affiliation institutions/organisations, and countries | El Bilali [45] and El Bilali et al. [46] |
Research geography | West African countries where studies were performed | El Bilali [45] and El Bilali et al. [46] |
Agriculture subsectors | Crop production (and main crops addressed), animal production/pastoralism, and fisheries/aquaculture | El Bilali [45] and El Bilali et al. [46] |
Food chain stages | Production, processing, distribution/retail/marketing, consumption, and waste management | El Bilali [45] and El Bilali et al. [46] |
Food security | Food security dimensions/pillars: availability, access, utilisation/use, and stability | El Bilali [133] and El Bilali [45] |
Sustainability | Sustainability dimensions: environment, economy, society, and policy and governance | El Bilali et al. [13] |
Journals (a *) | Research Areas (b *) | Authors (c *) | Affiliation Countries/Regions (d *) | Affiliation Institutions (e *) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PLoS ONE (5) | Agriculture (21) | Jha P.K. (4) | Nigeria (30) | CGIAR (10) |
Agricultural Systems (4) | Science technology (15) | Middendorf B.J. (4) | USA (28) | University of Ibadan (7) |
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (3) | Occupational health (13) | Prasad P.V.V. (4) | Ghana (16) | University of Nigeria (7) |
Food Policy (3) | Business Economics (10) | Assefa N. (3) | Burkina Faso (11) | University of Cape Coast (5) |
Global Food Security: Agriculture Policy, Economics and Environment (3) | Food science technology (10) | Berhane Y. (3) | England (9) | University of Ghana (5) |
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (3) | Environmental sciences—Ecology (9) | Chukwu A. (3) | South Africa (8) | University of London (5) |
Sustainability (3) | Development studies (6) | Fawzi W.W. (3) | Kenya (7) | Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement—CIRAD (4) |
African Development Review—Revue Africaine de Développement (2) | Infectious diseases (6) | Faye A. (3) | Canada (6) | Harvard University (4) |
Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy (2) | Nutrition dietetics (6) | Folayan M.O. (3) | Netherlands (6) | Kansas State University (4) |
Cahiers Agricultures, Heliyon, Scientific African, Scientific Papers Series, Scientific Reports (2) | Sociology (3) | Hemler E.C., Korte M.L., Lankoande B., Middendorf G., Oduola A., Sie A., Wang D.Q., Workneh F. (3) | Ethiopia, France, Senegal (5) | Obafemi Awolowo University, Universite de Montpellier (4) |
Country or Region (Articles Number) | Documents |
---|---|
Benin (1) | Houessou et al. [105] |
Burkina Faso (6) | Dugué et al. [98]; Kinda et al. [34]; Middendorf et al. [65]; Ouoba and Sawadogo [73]; Traoré et al. [77]; Zidouemba et al. [132] |
Ghana (15) | Aberese-Ako et al. [51]; Afriyie et al. [127]; Agyei-Holmes et al. [47]; Amoako et al. [53]; Asante et al. [54]; Asante-Poku and van Huellen [88]; Baada et al. [90]; Bukari et al. [56]; Kuuwill et al. [62]; Martey et al. [64]; Nkrumah et al. [116]; Okyere et al. [131]; Ragasa et al. [74]; Saah et al. [120]; Yaw Codjoe et al. [125] |
Liberia (1) | Davis et al. [95] |
Mali (1) | Adjognon et al. [83] |
Nigeria (31) | Abay et al. [79]; Adebayo and Oluwamayowa [80]; Adenubi et al. [81]; Adewopo et al. [82]; Agbawodikeizu et al. [84]; Amare et al. [86]; Balana et al. [48]; Bamidele and Amole [91]; Bamidele et al. [49]; Bamiwuye et al. [55]; Chiemela et al. [92]; Ekoh et al. [101]; Folayan et al. [102]; Folayan et al. [58]; Folorunso et al. [59]; Igwe et al. [130]; Iheme et al. [61]; Ilesanmi et al. [106]; Inegbedion [107]; Lamontagne et al. [63]; Liverpool-Tasie et al. [111]; Obayelu et al. [117]; Odebunmi et al. [67]; Ogunji et al. [118]; Okonkwo et al. [119]; Omeje et al. [68]; Omidiji et al. [69]; Omotayo et al. [70]; Onyenweaku et al. [71]; Ukaro Ofuoku et al. [121]; Yegbemey et al. [126] |
Senegal (3) | Jha et al. [50]; Middendorf et al. [114]; Van Hoyweghen et al. [123] |
Sierra Leone (1) | Buonsenso et al. [129] |
West Africa * (3) | Arouna et al. [128]—Burkina Faso, Benin, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Gambia, and Togo; Coulibaly [93]—Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo; Jha et al. [108]—Senegal and Burkina Faso |
Sub-Saharan Africa ** (16) | Aggarwal et al. [52]—Liberia and Malawi; Ayande and Chilufya [89]—Ghana and Zambia; Dasgupta and Robinson [94]—Chad, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa and Uganda; Dear et al. [97]—Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda; Eboreime et al. [99]—Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe; Gummerson et al. [103]—Kenya and Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo (RDC) and Nigeria; Hemler et al. [104]—Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and Nigeria; Josephson et al. [109]— Malawi, Ethiopia, Nigeria and Uganda; Madzorera et al. [112]—Burkina Faso, Ethiopia and Nigeria; Mueller et al. [66]—Bangladesh, Kenya and Nigeria; Nchanji and Lutomia [115]—Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Eswatini, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe; Onyenweaku et al. [72]—South Africa, Cameroon, Nigeria, Ghana, Ethiopia, and Kenya; Rudin-Rush et al. [75]—Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Malawi, and Nigeria; Tchuenchieu Kamgain et al. [76]—Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa; Vall et al. [122]—Burkina Faso, Kenya, Madagascar, and Senegal; Wang et al. [124]—Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and Nigeria |
Global *** (9) | Agyei et al. [85]—Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Chad, DRC, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe; Andrieu et al. [87]—Burkina Faso, Colombia, and France; Dasgupta and Robinson [57]—Armenia, Cambodia, Chad, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, South Africa, and Uganda; de Boef et al. [96]—Ethiopia, Myanmar, Nigeria, and Uganda; Gligorić et al. [60]—Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Italy, Indonesia, India, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, Sweden, Spain, United Kingdom, and the United States; Kasim et al. [110]—Guyana and Nigeria; Wrabel et al. [78]—Bangladesh, DRC, Ethiopia, India, Jordan, Kenya, Malawi, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Yemen; Egger et al. [100]—Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Colombia, Ghana, Kenya, Nepal, Philippines, Rwanda and Sierra Leone; Mertens and Peñalvo [113], e.g., Angola, Burkina Faso, Chad, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Sudan, and Tanzania, Yemen, and Guyana |
Agriculture Subsector | Examples of Articles |
---|---|
Crop production | Agyei et al. [85]; Andrieu et al. [87]; Arouna et al. [128]; de Boef et al. [96]; Houessou et al. [105]; Jha et al. [108]; Martey et al. [64]; Middendorf et al. [114]; Middendorf et al. [65]; Nchanji and Lutomia [115]; Odebunmi et al. [67]; Omeje et al. [68]; Van Hoyweghen et al. [123]; Yegbemey et al. [126] |
Animal production | Bamidele et al. [91]; Bamidele et al. [49]; Middendorf et al. [114]; Vall et al. [122] |
Fisheries/aquaculture | Okyere et al. [131]; Ragasa et al. [74] |
Food Chain Stage * | Articles |
---|---|
Production | Agyei-Holmes et al. [47]; Andrieu et al. [87]; Arouna et al. [128]; Bamidele et al. [49]; Chiemela et al. [92]; de Boef et al. [96]; Dugué et al. [98]; Houessou et al. [105]; Ilesanmi et al. [106]; Jha et al. [108]; Jha et al. [50]; Kinda et al. [34]; Kuuwill et al. [62]; Martey et al. [64]; Middendorf et al. [114]; Middendorf et al. [65]; Nchanji and Lutomia [115]; Obayelu et al. [117]; Okyere et al. [131]; Omeje et al. [68]; Ragasa et al. [74]; Ukaro Ofuoku et al. [121]; Vall et al. [122]; Van Hoyweghen et al. [123]; Yegbemey et al. [126] |
Processing | Vall et al. [122]; Yegbemey et al. [126] |
Marketing and distribution/retail | Adewopo et al. [82]; Aggarwal et al. [52]; Agyei et al. [85]; Asante-Poku and van Huellen [88]; Coulibaly [93]; Iheme et al. [61]; Ilesanmi et al. [106]; Middendorf et al. [65]; Ogunji et al. [118]; Vall et al. [122]; Van Hoyweghen et al. [123]; Yaw Codjoe et al. [125] |
Consumption (including food waste) | Abay et al. [79]; Aberese-Ako et al. [51]; Adebayo and Oluwamayowa [80]; Adenubi et al. [81]; Adewopo et al. [82]; Adjognon et al. [83]; Afriyie et al. [127]; Agbawodikeizu et al. [84]; Aggarwal et al. [52]; Agyei et al. [85]; Amare et al. [86]; Amoako et al. [53]; Arouna et al. [128]; Asante et al. [54]; Ayande and Chilufya [89]; Baada et al. [90]; Balana et al. [48]; Bamiwuye et al. [55]; Bukari et al. [56]; Buonsenso et al. [129]; Coulibaly [93]; Dasgupta and Robinson [94]; Dasgupta and Robinson [57]; Davis et al. [95]; Dear et al. [97]; Eboreime et al. [99]; Egger et al. [100]; Ekoh et al. [101]; Folayan et al. [102]; Folayan et al. [58]; Folorunso et al. [59]; Gligorić et al. [60]; Gummerson et al. [103]; Hemler et al. [104]; Houessou et al. [105]; Igwe et al. [130]; Iheme et al. [61]; Inegbedion [107]; Josephson et al. [109]; Kasim et al. [110]; Kinda et al. [34]; Lamontagne et al. [63]; Liverpool-Tasie et al. [111]; Madzorera et al. [112]; Mertens and Peñalvo [113]; Mueller et al. [66]; Nkrumah et al. [116]; Obayelu et al. [117]; Odebunmi et al. [67]; Ogunji et al. [118]; Okonkwo et al. [119]; Omidiji et al. [69]; Omotayo et al. [70]; Onyenweaku et al. [71]; Onyenweaku et al. [72]; Ouoba and Sawadogo [73]; Rudin-Rush et al. [75]; Saah et al. [120]; Tchuenchieu Kamgain et al. [76]; Traoré et al. [77]; Vall et al. [122]; Wang et al. [124]; Wrabel et al. [78]; Yaw Codjoe et al. [125]; Zidouemba et al. [132] |
Food Security Dimension * | Topics Addressed | Documents |
---|---|---|
Food availability | Domestic food production and productivity | Agyei et al. [85]; Agyei-Holmes et al. [47]; Andrieu et al. [87]; Arouna et al. [128]; Bamidele and Amole [91]; Bamidele et al. [49]; Chiemela et al. [92]; de Boef et al. [96]; Dugué et al. [98]; Houessou et al. [105]; Inegbedion [107]; Jha et al. [108]; Jha et al. [50]; Kuuwill et al. [62]; Martey et al. [64]; Middendorf et al. [114]; Nchanji and Lutomia [115]; Obayelu et al. [117]; Omeje et al. [68]; Omotayo et al. [70]; Ragasa et al. [74]; Ukaro Ofuoku et al. [121]; Vall et al. [122]; Van Hoyweghen et al. [123]; Yegbemey et al. [126]; Zidouemba et al. [132] |
Food chains and markets | Adewopo et al. [82]; Aggarwal et al. [52]; Arouna et al. [128]; Asante-Poku and van Huellen [88]; Ayande and Chilufya [89]; Dasgupta and Robinson [57]; de Boef et al. [96]; Dugué et al. [98]; Liverpool-Tasie et al. [111]; Martey et al. [64]; Okonkwo et al. [119]; Okyere et al. [131]; Vall et al. [122]; Van Hoyweghen et al. [123] | |
Agri-food products losses | Middendorf et al. [65]; Ilesanmi et al. [106] | |
Food access | Economic access and affordability | Aberese-Ako et al. [51]; Adebayo and Oluwamayowa [80]; Adewopo et al. [82]; Afriyie et al. [127]; Agbawodikeizu et al. [84]; Aggarwal et al. [52]; Agyei et al. [85]; Amare et al. [86]; Amoako et al. [53]; Asante et al. [54]; Asante-Poku and van Huellen [88]; Ayande and Chilufya [89]; Balana et al. [48]; Bamidele and Amole [91]; Bamiwuye et al. [55]; Bukari et al. [56]; Buonsenso et al. [129]; Coulibaly [93]; Dasgupta and Robinson [94]; Dasgupta and Robinson [57]; Davis et al. [95]; Egger et al. [100]; Folayan et al. [102]; Folayan et al. [58]; Gummerson et al. [103]; Igwe et al. [130]; Iheme et al. [61]; Josephson et al. [109]; Kinda et al. [34]; Kuuwill et al. [62]; Lamontagne et al. [63]; Madzorera et al. [112]; Middendorf et al. [114]; Middendorf et al. [65]; Mueller et al. [66]; Nkrumah et al. [116]; Obayelu et al. [117]; Ogunji et al. [118]; Okonkwo et al. [119]; Omidiji et al. [69]; Omotayo et al. [70]; Onyenweaku et al. [71]; Ouoba and Sawadogo [73]; Rudin-Rush et al. [75]; Vall et al. [122]; Yegbemey et al. [126]; Zidouemba et al. [132] |
Physical access | Abay et al. [79]; Aberese-Ako et al. [51]; Adebayo and Oluwamayowa [80]; Adenubi et al. [81]; Adewopo et al. [82]; Adjognon et al. [83]; Afriyie et al. [127]; Agbawodikeizu et al. [84]; Aggarwal et al. [52]; Agyei et al. [85]; Amare et al. [86]; Asante et al. [54]; Asante-Poku and van Huellen [88]; Ayande and Chilufya [89]; Baada et al. [90]; Balana et al. [48]; Bamidele and Amole [91]; Bukari et al. [56]; Buonsenso et al. [129]; Chiemela et al. [92]; Dasgupta and Robinson [94]; Dasgupta and Robinson [57]; Davis et al. [95]; Dear et al. [97]; Dugué et al. [98]; Egger et al. [100]; Ekoh et al. [101]; Folayan et al. [102]; Folayan et al. [58]; Gummerson et al. [103]; Hemler et al. [104]; Houessou et al. [105]; Igwe et al. [130]; Ilesanmi et al. [106]; Inegbedion [107]; Josephson et al. [109]; Kinda et al. [34]; Lamontagne et al. [63]; Madzorera et al. [112]; Middendorf et al. [114]; Mueller et al. [66]; Nchanji and Lutomia [115]; Obayelu et al. [117]; Okonkwo et al. [119]; Okyere et al. [131]; Omidiji et al. [69]; Omotayo et al. [70]; Onyenweaku et al. [71]; Ouoba and Sawadogo [73]; Rudin-Rush et al. [75]; Saah et al. [120]; Traoré et al. [77]; Ukaro Ofuoku et al. [121]; Vall et al. [122]; Van Hoyweghen et al. [123]; Wang et al. [124]; Wrabel et al. [78]; Yaw Codjoe et al. [125]; Zidouemba et al. [132] | |
Food utilisation | Diet quality and dietary diversity | Abay et al. [79]; Afriyie et al. [127]; Amoako et al. [53]; Balana et al. [48]; Davis et al. [95]; Folorunso et al. [59]; Gligorić et al. [60]; Madzorera et al. [112]; Obayelu et al. [117]; Odebunmi et al. [67]; Onyenweaku et al. [71]; Onyenweaku et al. [72]; Saah et al. [120] |
Food safety | Adenubi et al. [81]; Eboreime et al. [99]; Kasim et al. [110]; Mertens and Peñalvo [113]; Odebunmi et al. [67]; Onyenweaku et al. [72]; Saah et al. [120]; Tchuenchieu Kamgain et al. [76]; Yaw Codjoe et al. [125] | |
Stability | Food-related scenarios and projections | Agyei et al. [85]; Coulibaly [93]; Jha et al. [108]; Kinda et al. [34]; Obayelu et al. [117]; Zidouemba et al. [132] |
Sustainability Dimension * | Documents | Topics Addressed |
---|---|---|
Environment | Andrieu et al. [87]; Kasim et al. [110]; Martey et al. [64] | Climate change Waste |
Economy | Aberese-Ako et al. [51]; Adewopo et al. [82]; Afriyie et al. [127]; Agbawodikeizu et al. [84]; Aggarwal et al. [52]; Agyei et al. [85]; Asante et al. [54]; Asante-Poku and van Huellen [88]; Baada et al. [90]; Bamidele and Amole [91]; Bamidele et al. [49]; Bamiwuye et al. [55]; Bukari et al. [56]; Buonsenso et al. [129]; Chiemela et al. [92]; Coulibaly [93]; Dasgupta and Robinson [57]; Davis et al. [95]; de Boef et al. [96]; Dugué et al. [98]; Egger et al. [100]; Ekoh et al. [101]; Folayan et al. [102]; Gummerson et al. [103]; Houessou et al. [105]; Iheme et al. [61]; Jha et al. [108]; Josephson et al. [109]; Kinda et al. [34]; Lamontagne et al. [63]; Madzorera et al. [112]; Martey et al. [64]; Middendorf et al. [114]; Middendorf et al. [65]; Mueller et al. [66]; Nkrumah et al. [116]; Obayelu et al. [117]; Ogunji et al. [118]; Omeje et al. [68]; Omidiji et al. [69]; Omotayo et al. [70]; Ouoba and Sawadogo [73]; Ragasa et al. [74]; Vall et al. [122] | Competitiveness Employment Income Jobs Market/marketing Poverty Prices of inputs and agri-food products Profitability |
Society and culture | Abay et al. [79]; Aberese-Ako et al. [51]; Adebayo and Oluwamayowa [80]; Adenubi et al. [81]; Adewopo et al. [82]; Adjognon et al. [83]; Afriyie et al. [127]; Agbawodikeizu et al. [84]; Aggarwal et al. [52]; Agyei-Holmes et al. [47]; Amoako et al. [53]; Arouna et al. [128]; Asante et al. [54]; Asante-Poku and van Huellen [88]; Ayande and Chilufya [89]; Baada et al. [90]; Balana et al. [48]; Bamidele and Amole [91]; Bamidele et al. [49]; Bamiwuye et al. [55]; Bukari et al. [56]; Buonsenso et al. [129]; Dasgupta and Robinson [94]; Dasgupta and Robinson [57]; Davis et al. [95]; Dear et al. [97]; Dugué et al. [98]; Eboreime et al. [99]; Egger et al. [100]; Ekoh et al. [101]; Folayan et al. [102]; Folayan et al. [58]; Folorunso et al. [59]; Gligorić et al. [60]; Gummerson et al. [103]; Hemler et al. [104]; Houessou et al. [105]; Igwe et al. [130]; Iheme et al. [61]; Ilesanmi et al. [106]; Inegbedion [107]; Jha et al. [108]; Jha et al. [50]; Josephson et al. [109]; Kasim et al. [110]; Kuuwill et al. [62]; Lamontagne et al. [63]; Liverpool-Tasie et al. [111]; Madzorera et al. [112]; Mertens and Peñalvo [113]; Middendorf et al. [114]; Middendorf et al. [65]; Mueller et al. [66]; Nchanji and Lutomia [115]; Nkrumah et al. [116]; Obayelu et al. [117]; Odebunmi et al. [67]; Okonkwo et al. [119]; Okyere et al. [131]; Omeje et al. [68]; Omidiji et al. [69]; Omotayo et al. [70]; Onyenweaku et al. [71]; Onyenweaku et al. [72]; Ouoba and Sawadogo [73]; Ragasa et al. [74]; Rudin-Rush et al. [75]; Saah et al. [120]; Tchuenchieu Kamgain et al. [76]; Traoré et al. [77]; Ukaro Ofuoku et al. [121]; Vall et al. [122]; Van Hoyweghen et al. [123]; Wang et al. [124]; Wrabel et al. [78]; Yaw Codjoe et al. [125]; Yegbemey et al. [126]; Zidouemba et al. [132] | Conflict Culture (e.g., indigenous or traditional knowledge) Equity Food (in)security Food safety Gender Health Labor quality Lifestyle Livelihoods Resilience Vulnerability |
Policy and governance | Andrieu et al. [87]; Arouna et al. [128]; Baada et al. [90]; Coulibaly [93]; Dasgupta and Robinson [94]; Liverpool-Tasie et al. [111]; Nkrumah et al. [116]; Omotayo et al. [70] | Coping and mitigation strategies Policy measures |
Domains | Examples of Recommendations | Sources |
---|---|---|
Policy | Effective policy responses to and interventions in COVID-19 or similar shocks should consider the socioeconomic conditions of households and take cognisance of the disparities between urban and rural areas | Bamiwuye et al. [55] Traoré et al. [77] |
Targeting safety nets and other social protection/support interventions temporally, spatially, and across social groups to improve their effectiveness amid shocks | Balana et al. [48] | |
Policy intervention in rural areas should focus on fostering sustainable livelihoods to eradicate food insecurity and enable rural households to recover quickly and be able to sustain themselves against future shocks and crises | Omotayo et al. [70] | |
Vulnerable populations and low-income households should be targeted for the government’s packages and programs against COVID-19 | Aberese-Ako et al. [51] | |
Institutionalisation of social protection systems and provision of loans and grants to overcome financial difficulties during the COVID-19 pandemic | Madzorera et al. [112] Ilesanmi et al. [106] | |
Governments should set up ad hoc units to develop physical and digital plans for implementation during lockdowns or other emergencies | Ogunji et al. [118] | |
Emergency agencies should have offices in rural areas to be closer to farmers and rural populations in times of crises | Omeje et al. [68] | |
Policy Practice | Prioritising investments in local economies and job creation and building households’ assets and wealth base (e.g., land tenure security) to enhance resilience to shocks | Balana et al. [48] |
Governments should invest in market-oriented strategies such as postharvest handling, processing, storage, and marketing to ensure sufficient food supply during crises | Yegbemey et al. [126] | |
Investing in infrastructure and providing adequate support to agri-food industries to improve efficiencies in the food supply chain and food availability and accessibility during pandemics | Agyei et al. [85] | |
Building sustainable and resilient local food systems through strengthening public–private partnerships and investing in short food supply chains and input supply systems | Nchanji and Lutomia [115] | |
Designing and implementing alternative social protection policies and programs to substitute nutritional services (e.g., school feeding programs) affected by the pandemic | Abay et al. [79] | |
Communities should be helped to keep the coping strategies and measures adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic even afterwards | Aberese-Ako et al. [51] | |
Policy Practice | Public extension services should be strengthened to help farmers adapt better to crises and shocks | Yegbemey et al. [126] |
Policy | Providing social protection measures and programs that address basic human needs (e.g., food, shelter, and clothing) and specifically target food insecurity | Davis et al. [95] |
Practice | Promoting campaigns and programmes to improve the awareness of dietary measures for the prevention of COVID-19 | Madzorera et al. [112] Onyenweaku et al. [72] |
Promoting waste sorting at the household level and training the personnel dealing with waste management with particular attention to the adherence to COVID-19 protocol to prevent the spread of the virus | Kasim et al. [110] | |
Addressing the inappropriate knowledge of COVID-19 and its impacts on nutrition and education among the young and adolescents | Wang et al. [124] | |
Research | Evaluating the health and nutritional benefits and antiviral and immunomodulatory properties of medicinal plants and special foods to select foods to prioritise in the fight against COVID-19 | Odebunmi et al. [67] Onyenweaku et al. [72] |
Performing in-depth comparative studies to understand the pandemic’s differentiated impact on various groups within societies, differences in the efficacy of safety nets, and why some countries have coped better with the pandemic than others have | Dasgupta and Robinson [57] | |
Using a farming systems approach to assess the COVID-19 impacts to ensure an in-depth examination of agronomic, social (e.g., livelihoods and well-being), and environmental/biophysical issues at community and household levels | Middendorf et al. [114] |
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El Bilali, H.; Dambo, L.; Nanema, J.; Tietiambou, S.R.F.; Dan Guimbo, I.; Nanema, R.K. Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Agri-Food Systems in West Africa. Sustainability 2023, 15, 10643. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310643
El Bilali H, Dambo L, Nanema J, Tietiambou SRF, Dan Guimbo I, Nanema RK. Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Agri-Food Systems in West Africa. Sustainability. 2023; 15(13):10643. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310643
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl Bilali, Hamid, Lawali Dambo, Jacques Nanema, Sheirita Reine Fanta Tietiambou, Iro Dan Guimbo, and Romaric Kiswendsida Nanema. 2023. "Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Agri-Food Systems in West Africa" Sustainability 15, no. 13: 10643. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310643
APA StyleEl Bilali, H., Dambo, L., Nanema, J., Tietiambou, S. R. F., Dan Guimbo, I., & Nanema, R. K. (2023). Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Agri-Food Systems in West Africa. Sustainability, 15(13), 10643. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310643