Investigating Sources of Marine Litter and Developing Coping Strategies in Scuba Diving Spots in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Research Design
2.2. Research Sites
2.3. Action Research Method
2.4. Visual Method and Line Transect Method
2.5. Sampling Time
2.6. Research Tools
2.7. Data Processing
3. Results
3.1. Amount and Types of Marine Litter
3.2. Total and Density of Marine Litter
3.3. Chi-Square Testing of Various Types of Marine Litter according to Seasons, Locations, and Tides
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2020 Spring (June–July) | 2020 Summer (August–September) | 2020 Fall (September–November) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site | Diving: 2 Cylinders Each | Site | Diving: 2 Cylinders Each | Site | Diving: 2 Cylinders Each | |||
A | High tide | Ebb tide | Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant outlet | High tide | Ebb tide | Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant outlet | High tide | Ebb tide |
B | High tide | Ebb tide | Wanlitong | High tide | Ebb tide | Wanlitong | High tide | Ebb tide |
C | High tide | Ebb tide | Longdong No. 3 | High tide | Ebb tide | Longdong No. 3 | High tide | Ebb tide |
D | High tide | Ebb tide | Longdong No. 4 | High tide | Ebb tide | Longdong No. 4 | High tide | Ebb tide |
Total | 8 cylinders | Total | 8 cylinders | Total | 8 cylinders |
Area | Plastic Containers | Plastic Bags | Take-away Beverages and Disposable Dishes | Other Materials | Cigarette Butts | Fishery and Recreational Fishing Debris | Personal Hygiene Products | Locally Concerned Wastes | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | 697 | 69 | 76 | 58 | 15 | 5 | 9 | 17 | 946 |
A | 128 | 19 | 46 | 12 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 13 | 234 |
C | 623 | 111 | 57 | 110 | 8 | 6 | 28 | 16 | 959 |
D | 338 | 113 | 75 | 105 | 42 | 14 | 8 | 7 | 702 |
Total | 1786 | 312 | 254 | 285 | 72 | 30 | 49 | 53 | 2841 |
Season | Location | Total | Density | Average Density |
---|---|---|---|---|
Season 1 | B | 263 | 0.219 | 0.169 |
A | 55 | 0.046 | ||
C | 283 | 0.236 | ||
D | 211 | 0.176 | ||
Season 2 | B | 299 | 0.249 | 0.198 |
A | 45 | 0.038 | ||
C | 331 | 0.276 | ||
D | 278 | 0.232 | ||
Season 3 | B | 384 | 0.32 | 0.224 |
A | 134 | 0.112 | ||
C | 345 | 0.288 | ||
D | 213 | 0.178 |
Chi-Square Test | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Season | Value | Degree of Freedom | Asymptotically Significant (Two-Tailed) | |
Season 1 | Pearson’s Chi-square | 91.158 b | 21 | 0.000 * |
Likelihood ratio | 75.128 | 21 | 0.000 * | |
Linear-by-linear association | 10.891 | 1 | 0.001 * | |
Number of valid observations | 812 | |||
Season 2 | Pearson’s chi-square | 125.459 c | 21 | 0.000 * |
Likelihood ratio | 128.023 | 21 | 0.000 * | |
Linear-by-linear association | 14.719 | 1 | 0.000 * | |
Number of valid observations | 953 | |||
Season 3 | Pearson’s chi-square | 82.860 d | 21 | 0.000 * |
Likelihood ratio | 77.376 | 21 | 0.000 * | |
Linear-by-linear association | 7.130 | 1 | 0.008 * | |
Number of valid observations | 1076 | |||
Total | Pearson’s chi-square | 230.942 a | 21 | 0.000 * |
Likelihood ratio | 219.602 | 21 | 0.000 * | |
Linear-by-linear association | 33.706 | 1 | 0.000 * | |
Number of valid observations | 2841 |
Chi-Square Test | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Location | Value | Degree of Freedom | Asymptotically Significant (Two-Tailed) | |
Wanlitong | Pearson’s chi-square | 36.668 | 14 | 0.001 * |
Likelihood ratio | 37.994 | 14 | 0.001 * | |
Linear-by-linear association | 0.008 | 1 | 0.927 | |
Number of valid observations | 946 | |||
Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant outlet | Pearson’s chi-square | 36.183 | 14 | 0.001 * |
Likelihood ratio | 31.763 | 14 | 0.004 * | |
Linear-by-linear association | 2.943 | 1 | 0.086 | |
Number of valid observations | 234 | |||
Longdong No. 3 | Pearson’s chi-square | 81.896 | 14 | 0.000 * |
Likelihood ratio | 83.887 | 14 | 0.000 * | |
Linear-by-linear association | 9.305 | 1 | 0.002 * | |
Number of valid observations | 959 | |||
Longdong No. 4 | Pearson’s chi-square | 11.543 | 14 | 0.643 |
Likelihood ratio | 11.594 | 14 | 0.639 | |
Linear-by-linear association | 0.168 | 1 | 0.682 | |
Number of valid observations | 702 | |||
Total | Pearson’s chi-square | 101.785 | 14 | 0.000 * |
Likelihood ratio | 104.313 | 14 | 0.000 * | |
Linear-by-linear association | 7.621 | 1 | 0.006 * | |
Number of valid observations | 2841 |
Chi-Square Test | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Tide | Value | Degree of Freedom | Asymptotically Significant (Two-Tailed) | |
High tide | Pearson’s chi-square | 173.114 b | 21 | 0.000 * |
Likelihood ratio | 154.249 | 21 | 0.000 * | |
Linear-by-linear association | 17.149 | 1 | 0.000 * | |
Number of valid observations | 2242 | 0.000 * | ||
Ebb tide | Pearson’s chi-square | 100.025 c | 21 | 0.000 * |
Likelihood ratio | 107.748 | 21 | 0.000 * | |
Linear-by-linear association | 5.588 | 1 | 0.018 * | |
Number of valid observations | 599 | |||
Total | Pearson’s chi-square | 230.942 a | 21 | 0.000 * |
Likelihood ratio | 219.602 | 21 | 0.000 * | |
Linear-by-linear association | 33.706 | 1 | 0.000 * | |
Number of valid observations | 2841 |
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Lin, P.-I.; Ku, G.C.-M.; Lin, H.-H.; Hsu, C.-H.; Chi, H.-C.; Chen, Y.-C. Investigating Sources of Marine Litter and Developing Coping Strategies in Scuba Diving Spots in Taiwan. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5726. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095726
Lin P-I, Ku GC-M, Lin H-H, Hsu C-H, Chi H-C, Chen Y-C. Investigating Sources of Marine Litter and Developing Coping Strategies in Scuba Diving Spots in Taiwan. Sustainability. 2022; 14(9):5726. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095726
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Ping-I, Gordon Chih-Ming Ku, Hsiao-Hsien Lin, Chin-Hsien Hsu, Hung-Chih Chi, and Yi-Ching Chen. 2022. "Investigating Sources of Marine Litter and Developing Coping Strategies in Scuba Diving Spots in Taiwan" Sustainability 14, no. 9: 5726. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095726
APA StyleLin, P. -I., Ku, G. C. -M., Lin, H. -H., Hsu, C. -H., Chi, H. -C., & Chen, Y. -C. (2022). Investigating Sources of Marine Litter and Developing Coping Strategies in Scuba Diving Spots in Taiwan. Sustainability, 14(9), 5726. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095726