Woodland for Sludge Disposal in Beijing: Sustainable?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Materials
2.2. Undisturbed Soil Columns Preparation
2.3. The Leaching Experiment
2.3.1. The Experimental Device
2.3.2. The Experimental Design
2.4. Methods
2.4.1. Sample Analysis
2.4.2. Statistical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Changes in Heavy Metal Concentration in Leachate and Its Risk to Groundwater
3.1.1. Analysis of Heavy Metal Concentration in Leachate
3.1.2. Risk Assessment of Groundwater by Heavy Metals in Sludge
3.2. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Different Soil Layers and Its Risk to Soil Environment
3.2.1. Analysis of Accumulation Behavior of Heavy Metals from Sludge in Different Soil Layers
3.2.2. Risk Assessment of Soil Environment by Heavy Metals in Sludge
3.3. Leaching Efficiency of Heavy Metals in Sludge
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | Cu | Cr | Ni | Zn | Pb | Cd | As | Hg | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sludge products | 96.3 | 45.3 | 18.3 | 512 | 36.3 | 0.59 | 19.8 | 1.34 | 7.43 |
soil layer (0–10 cm) | 17.4 | 57.16 | 26.82 | 51.61 | 16.41 | 0.11 | 15.01 | 0.07 | 8.30 |
soil layer (10–20 cm) | 17.6 | 54.44 | 26.63 | 50.62 | 17.08 | 0.09 | 16.68 | 0.05 | 8.70 |
soil layer (20–30 cm) | 16.6 | 47.01 | 23.80 | 47.68 | 16.47 | 0.10 | 7.02 | 0.07 | 8.50 |
soil layer (30–40 cm) | 19.1 | 53.62 | 26.78 | 59.49 | 19.60 | 0.13 | 14.03 | 0.06 | 8.30 |
soil layer (40–50 cm) | 19.2 | 53.01 | 26.68 | 57.95 | 19.47 | 0.12 | 14.53 | 0.06 | 8.30 |
Description | Treatment Code | Leaching Water Volume (L) |
---|---|---|
Soil column without sludge | CK | 1.68 × 5 = 8.4 |
Soil column + 50 g sludge | T1 | 1.68 × 5 = 8.4 |
Soil column + 100 g sludge | T2 | 1.68 × 5 = 8.4 |
Soil column + 200 g sludge | T3 | 1.68 × 5 = 8.4 |
Heavy Metals | Equation Model | R2 |
---|---|---|
Cu | C = (0.023S2 − 0.44S + 0.75)lnW − 0.012S2 + 0.82S − 1.29 | 0.99 |
Cr | C = (0.0006S2 − 0.03S − 0.01)lnW − 0.004S2 + 0.13S − 0.03 | 0.95 |
Zn | C = (−0.07S2 + 0.42S − 1.26)lnW + 0.03S2 + 1.31S − 1.18 | 0.98 |
Pb | C = (−0.0003S2 − 0.04S − 1.85)lnW − 0.02S2 + 0.48S − 0.31 | 0.96 |
Cd | C = (0.01S2 − 0.24S − 0.30)lnW − 0.02S2 + 0.46S + 0.002 | 0.94 |
As | C = (− 0.02S2 + 0.21S − 0.84)lnW + 0.04S2 − 0.31S + 2.24 | 0.99 |
Heavy Metals | Class I | Class II | Class III |
---|---|---|---|
Cu | ≤0.01 | ≤0.05 | ≤1.00 |
Cr | ≤0.005 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.05 |
Zn | ≤0.05 | ≤0.5 | ≤1.00 |
Pb | ≤0.005 | ≤0.005 | ≤0.01 |
Cd | ≤0.0001 | ≤0.001 | ≤0.005 |
As | ≤0.001 | ≤0.001 | ≤0.01 |
Ni | ≤0.002 | ≤0.002 | ≤0.02 |
Hg | ≤0.0001 | ≤0.0001 | ≤0.001 |
Heavy Metals | T1 | T2 | T3 |
---|---|---|---|
Cu | 0.00238 | 0.00410 | 0.00756 |
Cr | 0.00088 | 0.00112 | 0.00143 |
Zn | 0.00856 | 0.01257 | 0.02248 |
Pb | 0.00261 | 0.00333 | 0.00404 |
Cd | 0.00322 | 0.00376 | 0.00443 |
As | 0.00383 | 0.00431 | 0.00568 |
Ni | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Hg | <0.0005 | <0.0005 | <0.0005 |
Heavy Metals | T1 | T2 | T3 | Limits |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | 19.20 (+2.38) | 20.66 (+3.83) | 25.67 (+6.89) | <100 |
Cr | 52.68 (+2.34) | 55.92 (+5.58) | 58.79 (+9.08) | <250 |
Zn | 50.91 (+6.27) | 55.06 (+10.42) | 65.76 (+15.77) | <300 |
Pb | 19.54 (+3.63) | 19.99 (+4.08) | 20.80 (+4.89) | <170 |
Cd | 0.123 (+0.039) | 0.208 (+0.110) | 0.242 (+0.144) | <0.6 |
As | 15.98 (+2.66) | 16.17 (+2.85) | 21.95 (+10.43) | <25 |
Ni | 27.34 (+2.82) | 27.76 (+3.25) | 30.45 (+5.93) | <190 |
Hg | 0.056 (+0.025) | 0.109 (+0.078) | 0.130 (+0.099) | <3.4 |
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Wu, B.; Qi, S.; Hu, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhou, J. Woodland for Sludge Disposal in Beijing: Sustainable? Sustainability 2022, 14, 7444. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127444
Wu B, Qi S, Hu Y, Li Y, Zhou J. Woodland for Sludge Disposal in Beijing: Sustainable? Sustainability. 2022; 14(12):7444. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127444
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Bingchen, Shi Qi, Yishui Hu, Yutong Li, and Jinxing Zhou. 2022. "Woodland for Sludge Disposal in Beijing: Sustainable?" Sustainability 14, no. 12: 7444. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127444