Crises and Their Effects on Freight Transport Modes: A Literature Review and Research Framework
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework: Definition and Classification of Crises
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results, Discussion, and Further Research
4.1. Types of Crises
4.2. Types of Crises and the Transport Modes
4.3. Geographical Distribution of Identified Literature Regarding Crisis Types
4.4. Effects of the Crises on the Different Transport Modes and Further Research
4.4.1. Financial Crisis 2008 (Human-Made Crisis)
Maritime Transport and the Financial Crisis
Road Transport and the Financial Crisis
Air Freight Transport and the Financial Crisis
Rail Freight Transport and the Financial Crisis
Inland Waterway Transport and the Financial Crisis
Impacts and Further Research for the Financial Crisis (Human-Made Crisis)
4.4.2. Migration Crisis 2015 (Social Crisis)
4.4.3. Climate Crisis (Natural Crisis)
4.4.4. COVID-19 Crisis (Natural Crisis)
4.4.5. Summary of the Effects of the Crises on the Transport Modes
5. Conclusions
5.1. Practical and Theoretical Contribution
5.2. Limitations and Further Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Moschovou, T.; Tyrinopoulos, Y. Exploring the effects of economic crisis in road transport: The case of Greece. Int. J. Transp. Sci. Technol. 2018, 7, 264–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nowakowska, M.; Tubis, A. The impact of illegal population migration on the risk assessment of freight transport carried out by polish carriers. Logist. Transp. 2018, 40, 121–128. [Google Scholar]
- Loske, D. The impact of COVID-19 on transport volume and freight capacity dynamics: An empirical analysis in German food retail logistics. Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect. 2020, 6, 100165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maliszewska, M.; Mattoo, A.; Van Der Mensbrugghe, D. The Potential Impact of COVID-19 on GDP and Trade: A Preliminary Assessment; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Kondybayeva, S.K.; Yerkin, N.A. The New Silk Road–Economic Belt policy: The great chance for the rejuvenation of Europe. Cent. Asian J. Soc. Sci. Humanit. 2019, 4, 55–58. [Google Scholar]
- Islam, D.M.Z. Prospects for European sustainable rail freight transport during economic austerity. Benchmarking Int. J. 2018, 25, 2783–2805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eurostat. Volume of Freight Transport Relative to GDP. Available online: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=tran_hv_frtra&lang=en (accessed on 13 November 2020).
- Gray, R.S. Agriculture, transportation, and the COVID-19 crisis. Can. J. Agric. Econ. Can. Agroecon. 2020, 68, 239–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Islam, T.; Pitafi, A.H.; Aryaa, V.; Wang, Y.; Akhtar, N.; Mubarik, S.; Xiaobei, L. Panic buying in the COVID-19 pandemic: A multi-country examination. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2020, 59, 102357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jerebić, V.; Pavlin, S. Global Economy Crisis and its Impact on Operational Container Carrier’s Strategy. Promet Traffic Transp. 2018, 30, 187–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Počuča, M.; Zanne, M. The impact of global economic crisis on the dry bulk shipping industry. Pomorstvo 2009, 23, 477–493. [Google Scholar]
- Farazmand, A. Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance; Springer International Publishing: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2018; ISBN 978-3-319-20927-2. [Google Scholar]
- Quarantelli, E.L. Emergencies, Disaster and Catastrophes are Different Phenomena; Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware: Newark, DE, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Rodríguez, H.; Quarantelli, E.L.; Dynes, R.R. Handbook of Disaster Research; Springer Science and Business Media LLC: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, S.; Sun, Y.; Yang, Z. Analyzing the trade transportation and its demand on multimodal transportation system between China and Koreas. Marit. Bus. Rev. 2020, 5, 84–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balan, G.-S.; Balan, M. Enonomic and financial crisis impact on rail sector. Intern. Audit. Risk Manag. 2010, 19, 1–9. [Google Scholar]
- Gundel, S. Towards a New Typology of Crises. J. Contingencies Crisis Manag. 2005, 13, 106–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sawada, Y.; Bhattacharyay, R.; Kotera, T. Aggregate Impacts of Natural and Man-made Disasters: A quantitative comparison. RIETI Discuss. Pap. Ser. 2011, 11-E-23, 1–42. [Google Scholar]
- Babatunde, S.; Oloruntoba, R.; Agho, K. Healthcare commodities for emergencies in Africa: Review of logistics models, suggested model and research agenda. J. Humanit. Logist. Supply Chain Manag. 2020, 10, 371–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thrimurthulu, V. Social crisis and its management. J. Educ. Res. Ext. 2016, 53, 35–39. [Google Scholar]
- Liberati, A.; Altman, D.G.; Tetzlaff, J.; Mulrow, C.; Gøtzsche, P.C.; Ioannidis, J.P.A.; Clarke, M.; Devereaux, P.J.; Kleijnen, J.; Moher, D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009, 6, e1000100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Treiblmaier, H.; Mirkovski, K.; Lowry, P.B.; Zacharia, Z.G. The physical internet as a new supply chain paradigm: A systematic literature review and a comprehensive framework. Int. J. Logist. Manag. 2020, 31, 239–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azadian, F. Assessing the effect of urban socioeconomic factors and the financial crisis of 2008 on domestic air cargo traffic in Florida. Transportation 2020, 47, 223–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hossen, M.M.; Barua, P. Assessment of the knowledge level of masters and pilots of ships in coastal Bangladesh: Perspective of climate change and navigational management. IUP J. Knowl. Manag. 2017, 15, 39–53. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, F.; Miao, Y.; Tian, K.; Ding, X.; Li, T. Multifractal cross-correlations between crude oil and tanker freight rate. Phys. A Stat. Mech. Appl. 2017, 474, 344–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferrari, C.; Parola, F.; Tei, A. Determinants of slow steaming and implications on service patterns. Marit. Policy Manag. 2015, 42, 636–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fikar, C.; Hirsch, P.; Posset, M.; Gronalt, M. Impact of transalpine rail network disruptions: A study of the Brenner Pass. J. Transp. Geogr. 2016, 54, 122–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Finnsgård, C.; Kalantari, J.; Roso, V.; Woxenius, J. The Shipper’s perspective on slow steaming—Study of Six Swedish companies. Transp. Policy 2020, 86, 44–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gabela, J.G.F.; Sarmiento, L. The effects of the 2013 floods on Germany’s freight traffic. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 2020, 82, 102274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iordanoaia, F. Maritime market crisis is the lack of charterers. Ovidius Univ. Ann. Econ. Sci. Ser. 2012, 12, 778–785. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, J.J.; Yip, T.L. Ship investment at a standstill? An analysis of shipbuilding activities and policies. Appl. Econ. Lett. 2012, 19, 269–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chi, J.; Baek, J. Dynamic relationship between air transport demand and economic growth in the United States: A new look. Transp. Policy 2013, 29, 257–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Papoutsis, K.; Basbas, S.; Bouhouras, E.; Sdoukopoulos, E. Impact Investigation of the Economic Crisis to the Road Freight Sector in Thessaloniki, Greece. In Urban Transport XIX; Brebbia, C.A., Ed.; WIT Press: Southampton, UK, 2013; pp. 547–557. [Google Scholar]
- Moschovou, T.P. Freight transport impacts from the economic crisis in Greece. Transp. Policy 2017, 57, 51–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Popov, V.; Sukhov, P.; Bolandova, J. Safe Train Route Options. In VIII International Scientific Siberian Transport Forum; Popovic, Z., Manakov, A., Breskich, V., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2020; pp. 899–908. ISBN 978-3-030-37918-6. [Google Scholar]
- Radionov, N.; Savić, I. The Impact of Irregular Migrations, Smuggling and Human Trafficking on the Land Transport Industry: The Croatian Case. Pored. Pomor. Pravo 2019, 173, 103–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salter, I. The impact of economic crisis on maritime transport. In Proceedings of the IAMU AGA14, Constanta, Romania, 23–26 October 2013; International Association of Maritime Universities: Tokyo, Japan, 2013; pp. 197–202. [Google Scholar]
- Tang, L.; Sun, J.; Qi, S.; Wang, Q.; Li, Y. Econometrics Model Analysis of the Shipping Market Considering the Financial Crisis Influences. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS 2009), Beijing, China, 20–22 September 2009; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2009. ISBN 978-1-4244-4639-1. [Google Scholar]
- Grzelakowski, A. Global Container Shipping Operators’ Strategies and their Impact on Logistics Supply Chains. J. Posit. Manag. 2019, 9, 34–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lietuvnikė, M.M.; Vasilienė–Vasiliauskienė, V.; Vasilis–Vasiliauskas, A. Core problems the road freight transport companies face due to the refugee crisis. Innov. Infotechnolog. Sci. Bus. Educ. 2017, 2, 3–9. [Google Scholar]
- Min, D.; Fengqing, W.; Shibing, Z. Impact Analysis of the Global Financial Crisis on Global Container Fleet. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management, 2009: ICSSSM ’09, Xiamen, China, 8–10 June 2009; Ji, G., Ed.; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2009; pp. 161–166, ISBN 978-1-4244-3662-0. [Google Scholar]
- Shuai, B.; Yan, H. Development strategy of rail freight transportation under financial crisis. 5th Adv. Forum Transp. China 2009, 10–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- CCNR. Market Insight: Inland Navigation Europe, Strasbourg. 2020. Available online: https://www.ccr-zkr.org/13020800-de.html (accessed on 19 May 2021).
- Pishue, B. COVID-19’s Impact on Freight: An Analysis of Long-Haul Freight Movement During a Pandemic; INRIX Research: Washington, DC, USA, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- European Commission. Inland Waterways. 2020. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/inland_en (accessed on 24 November 2020).
- Hofbauer, F.; Putz, L.-M. External Costs in Inland Waterway Transport: An Analysis of External Cost Categories and Calculation Methods. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eurostat. Freight Transport Statistics—Modal Split—Statistics Explained. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Freight_transport_statistics_-_modal_split#Modal_split_in_the_EU (accessed on 24 November 2020).
- European Comission. The European Green Deal: COM (2019) 640 Final; European Comission: Brussels, Belgium, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Viadonau. Manual on Danube Navigation, 4th ed.; Via Donau—Österreichische Wasserstraßen Gesellschaft mbH: Vienna, Austria, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- CCNR. “Act Now!” on Low Water and Effects on Rhine Navigation. Available online: https://www.ccr-zkr.org/files/documents/workshops/wrshp261119/ien20_06en.pdf (accessed on 24 November 2020).
Degree of Impact | Type of Unwelcome Event | Characteristics |
---|---|---|
local impact widespread impact | Emergency | Local event; causes loss or damage to person or property; appropriate management of emergency is crucial; if it is not managed appropriately, it can lead to disaster |
Disaster | The impact of a disaster is greater than the impact of an emergency; it may cause damage to a whole region; local disaster relief is possible; no international help is needed | |
Catastrophe | International help is inevitably needed; everyday community functions are interrupted; local officials are not able to undertake their work; severe damages | |
Crisis | Natural, social, or human-made causes; widespread negative consequences; impact on entire communities or regions; recovery period can take a long time; coordinated international effort needed; hallmarks are suddenness of occurrence and major impact; crises occur when a core value or life-sustaining system of a community, such as security, safety, health, or wealth, comes under threat |
Database | Searched Metadata | Search Strings |
---|---|---|
EBSCO Business Source Elite | title, abstract, keywords | ((TI crisis OR SU crisis OR AB crisis) OR (TI catastrophe OR SU catastrophe OR AB catastrophe) OR (TI disaster OR SU disaster OR AB disaster)) AND (TI transport * OR SU transport * OR AB transport *) AND ((TI freight OR SU freight OR AB freight) OR (TI goods OR SU goods OR AB goods)) AND ((TI maritime OR SU maritime OR AB maritime) OR (TI navigation OR SU navigation OR AB navigation) OR (TI road OR SU road OR AB road) OR (TI rail OR SU rail OR AB rail) OR (TI air OR SU air OR AB air)) AND ((TI influence * OR SU influence * OR AB influence *) OR (TI impact * OR SU impact * OR AB impact *) OR (TI effect * OR SU effect * OR AB effect *)) |
Emerald Collections | title, abstract | ((title:crisis OR title:disaster OR title:catastrophe) OR (abstract:crisis OR abstract:disaster OR abstract:catastrophe)) AND ((title:freight OR title:goods) OR (abstract:freight OR abstract:goods)) AND ((title:transport *) OR (abstract:transport *)) AND ((title:maritime OR title:navigation OR title:road OR title:air OR title:rail) OR (abstract:maritime OR abstract:navigation OR abstract:road OR abstract:air OR abstract:rail)) AND ((title:impact * OR title:effect * OR title:influence *) OR (abstract:impact * OR abstract:effect * OR abstract:influence *) |
Google Scholar | title, keywords | (((intitle:crisis OR keyword:crisis) OR (intitle:disaster OR keyword:disaster) OR (intitle:catastrophe OR keyword:catastrophe)) AND ((intitle:freight OR keyword:freight) OR (intitle:goods OR keyword:goods)) AND (intitle:transport * OR keyword:transport *) AND ((intitle:maritime OR keyword:maritime) OR (intitle:navigation OR keyword:navigation) OR (intitle:road OR keyword:road) OR (intitle:rail OR keyword:rail) OR (intitle:air OR keyword:air)) AND ((intitle:influence * OR keyword:influence *) OR (intitle:impact * OR keyword:impact *) OR (intitle:effect * OR keyword:effect *))) |
IEEE | title, abstract, keywords | (“All Metadata”:crisis OR disaster OR catastrophe) AND (“All Metadata”:freight OR goods) AND (“All Metadata”:transport *) AND (“All Metadata”:maritime OR navigation OR rail OR road OR air) AND (“All Metadata”:impact * OR influence * OR effect *) |
Scopus | title, abstract, keywords | TITLE-ABS-KEY ((crisis OR catastrophe OR disaster) AND (freight OR goods) AND transport * AND (maritime OR navigation OR road OR rail OR air) AND (influence * OR impact * OR effect *)) |
Database | EBSCO Business Source Elite | Emerald Collections | Google Scholar | IEEE | Scopus | Sum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of studies | 108 | 1 | 7 | 22 | 158 | 296 |
Inclusion Criteria | Rationale |
---|---|
Publication in peer-reviewed journal | Practitioner documents reflect current scientific status about the effects of crises on freight transport |
Paper describes or discusses the effects of actual crises on freight transport (differentiation of crises, disasters, catastrophes, or emergencies) | The focus of our research is the identification of the effects of different crises (differentiation of unwelcome events with less impact) on freight transport |
Exclusion criteria | |
Paper was not written in English | English is the language that the author is able to read and comprehend |
Full paper is not available | The relevance of a paper can only be ensured if the full paper can be processed |
Studies published before 2000 | Within our study, the crises of the last 20 years are relevant |
Area | Category | Information Obtained | |
---|---|---|---|
descriptive | publication date | year of publication | |
journal | name of journal | ||
author | authors name | ||
title | full title of paper | ||
thematic | types of crises | human-made crisis | information about the effects of these crises on freight transport |
social crisis | |||
natural crisis |
Crisis Types | Relevant Literature |
---|---|
Financial crisis 2008 (human-made crisis) | 1; 2; 4; 5; 7; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 19;22: 23; 24; 26; 27; 28 |
Migration crisis 2015 (social crisis) | 18; 21; 25 |
COVID-19 crisis 2020 (natural crisis) | 9; 28; 29 |
Climate crisis (ongoing) (natural crisis) | 3; 6, 8; 20 |
References: 1. Azadian [23], 2. Balan and Balan [16], 3. Hossen and Barua [24], 4. Feier et al. [25], 5. Ferrari et al. [26], 6. Fikar et al. [27], 7. Finnsgård et al. [28], 8. Fournier Gabela and Sarmiento [29], 9. Gray [8], 10. Iordanoaia [30], 11. Islam [6], 12. Jerebić and Pavlin [10], 13. Jing Xu and Yip [31], 14. Chi and Baek [32], 15. Papoutsis et al. [33], 16. Moschovou and Tyrinopoulos [1], 17. Moschovou [34], 18. Nowakowska and Tubis [2], 19. Počuča and Zanne [11], 20. Popov et al. [35], 21. Radionov and Savić [36], 22. Salter [37]. 23. Tang et al. [38], 24. Grzelakowski [39], 25. Lietuvnikė et al. [40], 26. Min et al. [41], 27. Shuai and Yan [42], 28. CCNR [43], 29. Pishue [44] |
Crisis Types | Transport Modes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IWT | Maritime | Road | Rail | Air | |
Financial crisis 2008 (human-made crisis) | 1 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Migration crisis 2015 (social crisis) | 3 | 1 | |||
COVID-19 crisis 2020 (natural crisis) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
Climate crisis (ongoing) (natural crisis) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
sum * | 3 | 13 | 9 | 7 | 3 |
Region | Financial Crisis 2008 | Migration Crisis 2015 | Climate Crisis | Covid-19 Crisis | Sum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Europe | 12 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 18 |
North America | 2 | 2 | 4 | ||
Asia | 5 | 2 | 7 | ||
Australia | |||||
Africa | |||||
South America |
Transport Mode | Effects Based on the Literature | Further Research |
---|---|---|
Maritime |
|
|
Road |
| |
Air |
|
|
Rail |
|
|
IWT |
|
|
Affected Areas | Effects |
---|---|
drivers | Danger to life and limb [2,40] |
Incitement to commit a crime (to deliberately hide immigrants) [36] | |
Lower salary due to low efficiency caused by longer waiting times [36] | |
Fines (in case refugees are discovered at the border) [2] | |
Transport companies | Increasing costs due to damage to vehicles or goods [2,40] Incentives for drivers (because of danger on routes) Increased insurance rates [2] and personnel costs (more security and loading personnel needed [36]) |
Fines (in case refugees are discovered at the border) [2] | |
Additional personnel for loading/unloading and security personnel [36] | |
Decreasing competitiveness of the transport mode due to longer, mostly unpredictable delivery times [36] | |
Less space utilization in trucks/wagons (rows must be kept free to facilitate controls at borders) [36] | |
End of service of particularly dangerous routes [2] | |
End of collaborations because companies are not able to protect goods from threats [40] | |
Supply chains | Loss of efficiency within the supply chain [36,40] Prolonged delivery times [2,36,40] |
Transport Mode | Effects Based on the Literature | Further Research |
---|---|---|
IWT |
|
|
Rail |
|
|
Road |
| |
Maritime | n/a |
|
Air | n/a |
|
Transport Mode | Effects Based on the Literature | Further Research |
---|---|---|
IWT |
|
|
Rail |
|
|
Road |
|
|
Maritime | n/a |
|
Air | n/a |
|
Transport Mode | Effects Based on the Literature | Further Research |
---|---|---|
IWT |
| The following points should be investigated for each transport mode separately:
|
Rail |
| |
Road |
| |
Maritime |
| |
Air | n/a |
(Positive or Negative) Effects on | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crisis Types | Maritime | IWT | Road | Rail | Air |
financial crisis | ⇵ | ⇵ | ⇵ | ⇵ | ↓ |
migration crisis | n/a | n/a | ↓ | ↓ | n/a |
climate crisis | n/a | ↓ | ↓ | ⇵ | n/a |
COVID-19 crisis | ↓ | ↓ | ⇵ | ↓ | n/a |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Borca, B.; Putz, L.-M.; Hofbauer, F. Crises and Their Effects on Freight Transport Modes: A Literature Review and Research Framework. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5740. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105740
Borca B, Putz L-M, Hofbauer F. Crises and Their Effects on Freight Transport Modes: A Literature Review and Research Framework. Sustainability. 2021; 13(10):5740. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105740
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorca, Bianca, Lisa-Maria Putz, and Florian Hofbauer. 2021. "Crises and Their Effects on Freight Transport Modes: A Literature Review and Research Framework" Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5740. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105740
APA StyleBorca, B., Putz, L.-M., & Hofbauer, F. (2021). Crises and Their Effects on Freight Transport Modes: A Literature Review and Research Framework. Sustainability, 13(10), 5740. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105740