Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application
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Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Section 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
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Department of Science and Mathematics, Texas A&M University—San Antonio, One University Way, San Antonio, TX 78224, USA
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Institute for Water Resources and Water Supply, Hamburg University of Technology, Am Schwarzenberg—Campus 3, 20173 Hamburg, Germany
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Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editors: Muhammad Sultan, Yuguang Zhou, Redmond R. Shamshiri and Aitazaz A. Farooque
Sustainability 2021, 13(10), 5717; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105717
Received: 24 April 2021 / Revised: 9 May 2021 / Accepted: 10 May 2021 / Published: 19 May 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Engineering Applications)
As the world human population and industrialization keep growing, the water availability issue has forced scientists, engineers, and legislators of water supply industries to better manage water resources. Pollutant removals from wastewaters are crucial to ensure qualities of available water resources (including natural water bodies or reclaimed waters). Diverse techniques have been developed to deal with water quality concerns. Carbon based nanomaterials, especially carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with their high specific surface area and associated adsorption sites, have drawn a special focus in environmental applications, especially water and wastewater treatment. This critical review summarizes recent developments and adsorption behaviors of CNTs used to remove organics or heavy metal ions from contaminated waters via adsorption and inactivation of biological species associated with CNTs. Foci include CNTs synthesis, purification, and surface modifications or functionalization, followed by their characterization methods and the effect of water chemistry on adsorption capacities and removal mechanisms. Functionalized CNTs have been proven to be promising nanomaterials for the decontamination of waters due to their high adsorption capacity. However, most of the functional CNT applications are limited to lab-scale experiments only. Feasibility of their large-scale/industrial applications with cost-effective ways of synthesis and assessments of their toxicity with better simulating adsorption mechanisms still need to be studied.
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Keywords:
carbon nanotubes; surface modification; heavy metals; adsorption; water and wastewater treatment
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MDPI and ACS Style
Aslam, M.M.-A.; Kuo, H.-W.; Den, W.; Usman, M.; Sultan, M.; Ashraf, H. Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5717. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105717
AMA Style
Aslam MM-A, Kuo H-W, Den W, Usman M, Sultan M, Ashraf H. Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application. Sustainability. 2021; 13(10):5717. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105717
Chicago/Turabian StyleAslam, Mian M.-A., Hsion-Wen Kuo, Walter Den, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Sultan, and Hadeed Ashraf. 2021. "Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application" Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5717. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105717
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