The Role of Public Participation for Determining Sustainability Indicators for Arctic Tourism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sustainable Tourism Indicators
3. Indicator Framework Development
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Key Work Components in the Framework
- (i)
- Selection of sustainability indicators based on a literature review on international standards and criteria;
- (ii)
- Selection of indicators that fit the area in question based on a compilation and reviewing of local literatures and reports with respect to sustainable development, as well as field observations of local condition;
- (iii)
- Public evaluation of the selected indicators’ applicability and priorities. The public is composed of local stakeholders related to each project;
- (iv)
- Experts’ evaluation of the indicators’ measurability and monitoring, as well as their causal relations;
- (v)
- An overall assessment of each indicator’s applicability for the area in question.
3.2.1. Selection of Key Indicators
3.2.2. Indicators Evaluation
3.3. Public Evaluation
3.4. Experts Evaluation
3.5. Each Indicator’s Overall Assessment
4. Discussion and Conclusions
4.1. Sustainability Indicators as a Tool for Managing Tourism Development in the Arctic
4.2. The Role of Public Participation for Determining Sustainability Tourism Indicators
4.3. Management Implication
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Conventional Indicators (Simple) | Sustainability Indicators (Complex) | |
---|---|---|
Characteristics |
|
|
Purpose |
|
|
Benefits |
|
|
Flaws |
|
|
Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3 |
---|---|---|
Research and Organization | Indicators’ Development | Implementation |
|
|
|
Economy | Society and Wellbeing | Environment | Governance | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selected key indicator | Local stakeholders suggested change | Selected key indicator | Local stakeholders suggested change | Selected key indicator | Local stakeholders suggested change | Selected key indicator | Local stakeholders suggested change | |
1 | Job opportunities and the labor market around the national park | Job opportunities and the labor market | Population growth around the national park | Population growth | Environmental certifications and opportunities for environmentally friendly operations | Environmentally friendly management | Sustainable development policymaking | |
2 | Opportunities for innovation | Opportunities for local innovation | Quality of service | Biodiversity | Land use strategy tourism development | Zoning and regional planning of tourism | ||
3 | Economic standard of living and pricing | Travel behavior and tourists needs | Travel behavior and length of stay | Geodiversity | Sustainability monitoring | |||
4 | Seasonal and all year residence | Locals’ experience of tourism | Residents’ experience of tourism | Coastal erosion | National park’s human resources and knowledge of sustainable development | |||
5 | Seasonal work | National park employees’ view of tourists | Off-road driving | Public participation in policymaking | ||||
6 | Income from tourism | Direct income from tourism | Contentment and living standards of tourism employees | Waste management | Long term appropriation of funding for the national park | |||
7 | Modes of transport and traffic | Transportation and traffic | Tourists’ satisfaction | Tourists’ experience and satisfaction | Air pollution and climate change | Air pollution | Locals’ experience of the national park | Residents’ experience of the national park |
8 | Condition of roads and parking areas | Status of equality in society | Local equality | Energy utilization | Energy use | |||
9 | Sanitary facilities for tourists | Lavatories and other sanitary facilities for tourists | Education and training | Residents’ education and training | Nature conservation | |||
10 | Import of labor | Leave out | Local image and culture according to residents | Tourists’ impact on soil and vegetation | Carrying capacity of vegetation and soil | |||
11 | Import of goods | Leave out | Locals sustainability and environmental awareness | Sustainability and environmental awareness of residents | Seasonal vegetation and soil carrying capacity | Leave out | ||
12 | Local production of goods and services | Local production and utilization of goods and services | Sustainability and environmental awareness of tourists | Management of freshwater resources | Freshwater resources | |||
13 | Residents‘ public health and safety | Residents’ public health | ||||||
New | Indirect income from tourism | Climate change Cultural heritage and history | Safety issues and information flow to tourists |
Monitoring Practical | Monitoring Partially Practical | Monitoring Impractical | ||
Monitoring of an indicator is practical given the current circumstances. The foundational data and measurements exist, at least at a national level, and the monitoring can be based on those. | Only a part of the data and measurements are available; the measurements are not compatible and cannot give an overall picture of the area’s sustainability. | Monitoring is impractical because of a lack of data and measurements related to this indicator. | ||
Economy | 3 | 6 | 2 | 11 |
Society and wellbeing | 3 | 6 | 4 | 13 |
Environment | 8 | 2 | 3 | 13 |
Governance | 0 | 6 | 2 | 8 |
TOTAL | 14 (31%) | 20 (44%) | 11 (25%) | 45/100 |
DPSIR | Sustainability Indicators | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Economy | Society and Wellbeing | Environment | Governance | |
Driving forces | Population growth Local image and culture according to residents Sustainability and environmental awareness of tourists | |||
Pressure | Transportation and traffic Direct income from tourism | Travel behavior and length of stay | Environmentally friendly management Waste management Energy use Off-road driving | |
Current state | Job opportunities and the labor market Economic standard of living and pricing Seasonal and all year residence Condition of roads and parking areas Indirect income from tourism Seasonal work | Sustainability and environmental awareness of residents Residents’ public health Quality of service Contentment and living standards of tourism employees National park employees’ views of tourists | Carrying capacity of vegetation and soil Biodiversity Geodiversity Air pollution Coastal erosion Fresh water resources | Residents’ experience of the national park National park’s human resources and knowledge of sustainable development |
Impacts | Residents’ experience of tourism Tourists’ experience and satisfaction Local equality | Climate change | ||
Responses | Local production and utilization of goods and services Lavatories and other sanitary facilities for tourists Opportunities for local innovation | Residents’ education and training | Nature conservation Cultural heritage and history | Sustainable development policy making Long-term appropriation of funding for the national park Zoning and regional planning of tourism Sustainability monitoring Public participation in policymaking Safety issues and information flow to tourists |
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Ólafsdóttir, R. The Role of Public Participation for Determining Sustainability Indicators for Arctic Tourism. Sustainability 2021, 13, 295. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010295
Ólafsdóttir R. The Role of Public Participation for Determining Sustainability Indicators for Arctic Tourism. Sustainability. 2021; 13(1):295. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010295
Chicago/Turabian StyleÓlafsdóttir, Rannveig. 2021. "The Role of Public Participation for Determining Sustainability Indicators for Arctic Tourism" Sustainability 13, no. 1: 295. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010295
APA StyleÓlafsdóttir, R. (2021). The Role of Public Participation for Determining Sustainability Indicators for Arctic Tourism. Sustainability, 13(1), 295. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010295