Building an Island of Sustainability in a Sea of Unsustainability? A Study of Two Ecovillages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Perspectives
2.1. Social Practice Theory
2.2. Ecovillages as ‘Communities of Practice’
3. Research Methods
Data Collection and Research Methods
4. The Ecovillages: Findhorn and Hurdal
4.1. Findhorn Ecovillage—History and Recent Expansion
4.2. Hurdal Ecovillage—History and Recent Expansion
5. Results—Connecting Material Expansion to Values and Competence
5.1. Material Expansion and Values
5.1.1. Findhorn Ecovillage
Spirituality is the community glue that keeps people together. […] the ecovillage is … an expansion of the spiritual side of it. So, it made sense for the community to build up the wind park. […] It ultimately is about how to take that and make it into ‘love in action’ which is the cohousing or what you experience in the Foundation (FH07).
We could have taken a very different approach. Again, if I go back to ‘Towards a planetary village’ conference, we could have said ‘Look, we don’t want to do any of this stuff. It’s a huge distraction. Nobody is interested in digging ditches and looking after roads. You know? We want to read books about the Buddha and inform ourselves [about] life. Perhaps, we could have done that. But we didn’t. The big advantage is that it forces us to work together. It’s very difficult to see the Park becoming a kind of suburban place that used to be a community. Because people have to work together whether they like it or not. The electricity supply, the water supply bla bla bla, all of these things, even if we choose not to pay much attention to it, you have to pay for it and you have to, by some mechanism, engage in it. And so, it’s kind of part of the curricula, if you like. It’s part of a learning process even if it’s not very economically efficient or not the most economically efficient thing (FH02).
5.1.2. Hurdal Ecovillage
I have also gradually come to a kind of demanding position because when you... start to involve companies and banks and eventually also investors, it becomes, in a way... I have to build a lot of bridges [between] a commercial capitalist world and… an idealistic world which is where I come from. And then you try to find a balance and then you have to create enthusiasm for it and constantly try to keep a momentum. And that has in a way been my life for maybe 20 years (HL14).
I mean, there’s a difference between people here, but I do not live in this house because I think the house is so nice. I came to the ecovillage to live down there [in the straw-bale houses] and I could have stayed there. For me, the house here does not represent me, I do not want smart house solutions, I would have liked a compost toilet, I would have liked to have had all those things, but it was in a way… [the ecovillage] became a package, so either you bought the house here, or not (HL08).
5.2. Material Expansion and Competence
5.2.1. Findhorn Ecovillage
East Whins is a cohousing...and that would indicate that these 25 units … should have more in common than just anyone... these 25 should be more jellying together than the other 200 [in the wider Findhorn community]. And we don’t. […] And if you have a conflict and you spend a lot of time solving that conflict and then that person moves away because they are a tenant, that’s ok because the next one that comes in, you hope, may be different. But when you have moving parts all the time, then you are like in a spinning machine. … So, in my numerical mind, we’re 37 adults who are owners in 25 units, of those 37 adults, maybe 13 or 14 are here at any given moment in time. And that’s an important figure because it’s the adults in the cohousing, that make it jell (FH05).
I think we have done pretty well here; in that we separated the ownership from the social. That’s something we did 2 years ago. … We have owners who’re not here and we have residents who are not owners. … Two years ago, we formed a company limited by guarantee and all owners are members. … That company looks after the financial viability and our commonly owned facilities. … This is East Whins Cohousing Company. Ever since 2013, we have operated … with sociocracy. So, when we formed the company, we just made it more clear to people that the company is for the owners and the sociocratic circles, that is for everyone who lives here. If it’s a 6-week tenant or a 6-year tenant, everyone should be involved in [the sociocratic] circles... [for] the day to day running. And they run the budget that has been applied by them but approved by the company. So, this makes the safe running [of the cohousing] possible…(FH05).
We had a presentation about Drawdown. Probably the first one was 5 years ago which I believe PET actually facilitated and sponsored. […] Evelyn became aware of the role that food waste played in the global footprint and how […] composting of food waste […] will have a huge impact if it is taken up on a larger scale. So, she felt inspired to take that up locally by buying what she calls... I think they’re called hot boxes. And hot boxes are simply super insulated composting bins that are capable of accelerating the decomposition of food waste. So, […] she transfers the compost on to a nearby garden which she also tends in East Whins right in the corner, in front of what’s called the sunshine room in East Whins. So, there she’s got a nice little self-contained community facility she’s inviting anybody with food waste to contribute and quite a number of people do. … I believe she now has something like eight of these hot bins; processes quite a lot of food of her own accord. Now, those are for … home owners or tenants because the Foundation also does something similar with its food waste on a much greater scale (FH14).
[I]n glib terms, the bigger the person’s house, the less interest they had in a common facility with a washing machine in it. They got four bedrooms and two washing machines. What the hell do they need a common facility for? Whereas, you know, people in affordable housing were much more attached to it. So, as an experiment that didn’t work either and the place is now up for sale. […] May be, in 10 years’ time, people will be complaining bitterly about the fact that there are no more of these facilities (FH02).
5.2.2. Hurdal Ecovillage
…I liked [the introductory course] very much. […] Because you got a lot out of the course. When you come here and buy a house, you are told about all the nice things, but the course also had a lot of focus on the challenges of living together in a social community. You have to be willing to undergo personal development, you will get to know other aspects of yourself that you may not know, so I think it was an incredibly good presentation of all the challenges that also follow with living in community: there will be quarrels, there will be dishes flying through the air, there will be, yes, it can be very close, very, very scary, too. … Many ecovillages have such admission requirements and things like that. So, it is in a way quite common, but it was stopped here because … I feel we are in the interface between the idealistic and the economic world. And here, a lot of the idealism has been lost to economy. Here … there is a developer and the houses should be sold and when you are going to sell something, you have to present it as heaven on earth so that everyone comes to buy it, and what happens afterwards, you don’t give it much thought (HL08).
[We] lack informal meeting places that may actually help us discover that we can resolve these conflicts or contradictions. That we may realize that we actually do not have very different interests. Because I think maybe we attribute to others some qualities that they do not necessarily have. I think maybe people would recognize they have much in common (HL01).
Yeah, so there it is... a lot of things to learn …. there is the personal, the interpersonal, which is, how you talk to all these people when you are not used to talking to others... and talk to people who strongly disagree with yourself. […] [T]here must somehow be [training in] modern conflict management … and communication and different communication platforms. These are the two things that could have made it go faster, so that one could understand each other faster and better (HL02).
People are producing things. We are producing honey. And now there are some guys producing jød—or mead, almost like beer but with honey—it is a Viking beverage. A lot of people are producing kombucha […] and exchange in different ways. Some people are producing soaps and detergents. These are mainly running out of people’s homes because the rent has been so high up there. That’s been the situation because they spent so much money restoring this place so the rent went up. That kind of put a lead on the entrepreneurship, I think. […] Now many people are commuting and it takes a lot of time and some people are not able to get jobs. They’ll want to go to Oslo to work so, it’s a difficult situation for some people (HL11).
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Temesgen, A.K. Building an Island of Sustainability in a Sea of Unsustainability? A Study of Two Ecovillages. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10585. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410585
Temesgen AK. Building an Island of Sustainability in a Sea of Unsustainability? A Study of Two Ecovillages. Sustainability. 2020; 12(24):10585. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410585
Chicago/Turabian StyleTemesgen, Amsale K. 2020. "Building an Island of Sustainability in a Sea of Unsustainability? A Study of Two Ecovillages" Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10585. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410585
APA StyleTemesgen, A. K. (2020). Building an Island of Sustainability in a Sea of Unsustainability? A Study of Two Ecovillages. Sustainability, 12(24), 10585. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410585