New Challenges for Historic Gardens’ Restoration: A Holistic Approach for the Royal Park of Moncalieri Castle (Turin Metropolitan Area, Italy)
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Historic Gardens Between Restoration and Management
1.2. Research Aim
1.3. The Royal Park of Moncalieri Castle
2. Materials and Methods
Methodological Framework
- -
- the botanical name;
- -
- a representative photo of a specimen presents in the Royal Park;
- -
- the botanical family name;
- -
- the main botanical characteristics of the species;
- -
- the longevity of the species;
- -
- the historical and cultural importance;
- -
- the reasons of interest (botanical, position of the specimen, invasive species or rarity of the specie);
- -
- the ornamental features;
- -
- any phytosanitary problems encountered.
3. Results
3.1. Historical Analysis and Plants Inventory
3.2. The Compositional Features Analysis: The Garden Structure Today
4. Discussion
4.1. Identification of Historical Permanence
4.2. Holistic Approach for Historical Garden Restoration
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Archive Name and Localization | Year or Historical Period | Original Name | Documentation | Information Acquired |
---|---|---|---|---|
Historical library of Turin Province | XVIII century | Castello Reale di Moncalieri | Iconography | Moncalieri Castle and River Po |
Royal Academic of Agriculture (Turin) | XIX–XX century | Historical catalogues of nurseries, floral and horticultural exhibitors | Catalogues | List of nurseries and plants cultivated (Moncalieri Municipality) |
State Archive of Turin, Corte (Turin) | 1757 | Tipo di corso del Pó principiando dal ponte di Moncalieri | Iconography | View of Moncalieri Castle |
1788 | Tipo di corso del Pó principiando dal ponte di Moncaglieri persino alla Barauda e alle Giarasse il tutto esistente nelle dette fini di Moncaglieri | Iconography | View of Moncalieri Castle | |
XVIII–XIX century | Piano regolare del proseguimento da farsi della strada nuova di Stupiniggi, colli Siti, Case, Strade, acque, ponti ed altri oggetti attorno, il’tutto in vicinanza della città di Moncalieri | Iconography | Moncalieri hilly and landscape system | |
XIX century | Carta topografica del Castello di Moncalieri sino all’Osterietta | Cartography | Formal parterre realization. Informal park project. | |
State Archive of Turin, Riunite (Turin) | 1802 | Commune de Moncailer | Cadastral map | Moncalieri Castle with its park. Formal parterre completed and park with the lake. |
1864 | Real Castello di Moncalieri planimetria generale | Plan of the project | Original plan of informal Royal Park (project) | |
1867 | Mappa Originale del Comune di Moncalieri | Cadastral map | Moncalieri Park with its different gardens (formal and informal park) | |
1867 | Planimetria del Parco Real Castello di Moncalieri | Plan of the park | Original Map of informal Royal Park | |
1867 | Prospetto riepilogativo delle piante presenti nel Reale Giardino e Parco di Moncalieri | List of plants | Botanical name of the plants planted and cultivated in the informal Royal Park | |
1887 | Inventario delle piante in vaso esistenti nel Giardino di Moncalieri | List of plants | Plants cultivated in pots in the greenhouses of the Royal Park | |
Historical Archive of Turin Municipality | 1791 | Carta corografica dimostrativa del territorio della città di Torino | Iconography | Vineyards cultivated in Moncalieri hills and historical farms |
Botanical Name (1876) | Current Botanical Denomination | Trunk Circumference’ Size (cm); Number of Plants (n) for Each Category; Total Number (n) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 cm | 10 cm | 15 cm | 20 cm | 25 cm | 30 cm | 35 cm | 40 cm | 45 cm | Over 50 cm | TOT | ||
Abies americana | Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Abies balsamea nana | Abies balsamea var. nana (J.Nelson) Beissn. | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Abies morinda | Picea smithiana Boiss | 2 | 1 | 3 | ||||||||
Abies nigra | Picea mariana Mill. | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Abies nordmanniana | Abies nordmanniana (Steven) Spach | 1 | 7 | 1 | 9 | |||||||
Abies taxifoglia | Abies alba Mill. | 4 | 4 | |||||||||
Acacia julibrissin | Albizia julibrissin Durazz. | 25 | 29 | 5 | 59 | |||||||
Acer campestris | Acer campestre L. | 742 | 153 | 2 | 2 | 899 | ||||||
Acer negundo | Acer negundo L. | 22 | 12 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 40 | |||
Acer platanoides | Acer platanoides L. | 186 | 72 | 15 | 2 | 1 | 276 | |||||
Acer pseudoplatanus | Acer pseudoplatanus L. | 28 | 13 | 4 | 45 | |||||||
Aesculus hippocastanum | Aesculus hippocastanum L. | 179 | 131 | 64 | 31 | 13 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 16 | 447 |
Ailanthus glandulosus | Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. | 106 | 85 | 31 | 7 | 12 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 259 | |
Amorpha fruticosa | Amorpha fruticosa L. | 2 | 2 | |||||||||
Armeniaca vulgaris | Prunus armeniaca L. | 5 | 3 | 2 | 10 | |||||||
Broussonetia papyrifera | Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. | 204 | 58 | 19 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 291 | ||||
Buxus sempervirens | Buxus sempervirens L. | 4 | 4 | |||||||||
Carpinus vulgaris | Carpinus betulus L. | 748 | 253 | 55 | 44 | 58 | 29 | 14 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 1210 |
Catalpa bignonioides | Catalpa bignonioides Walt. | 108 | 160 | 36 | 14 | 3 | 321 | |||||
Castanea vesca crispa | Castanea sativa Miller. | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | |||||||
Cedrus libani | Cedrus libani A. Richard | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
Cercis siliquastrum | Cercis siliquastrum L. | 19 | 10 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 39 | |||||
Chimonanthus fragans | Chimonanthus praecox L. | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Cytisus laburnum | Cytisus laburnum L. | 11 | 12 | 3 | 1 | 27 | ||||||
Cornus mascula | Cornus mas L. | 19 | 19 | |||||||||
Cornus sanguinea | Cornus sanguinea L. | 12 | 12 | |||||||||
Colutea globosa | Colutea arborescens L. | 25 | 25 | |||||||||
Crataegus azzerolus | Crataegus azarolus L. | 140 | 5 | 145 | ||||||||
Crataegus oxiacantha | Crataegus oxyacantha L. | 15 | 1 | 16 | ||||||||
Cupressus sempervirens | Cupressus sempervirens L. | 14 | 2 | 2 | 18 | |||||||
Dyospiros lotus | Diospyros lotus L. | 65 | 41 | 106 | ||||||||
Dyospiros virginica | Diospyros virginiana L. | 165 | 32 | 1 | 198 | |||||||
Evonimus europeum | Euonymus europaeus L. | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Fraxinus americana | Fraxinus americana L. | 13 | 5 | 2 | 20 | |||||||
Fraxinus eccelsa | Fraxinus excelsior L. | 127 | 48 | 6 | 181 | |||||||
Gleditschia triacanthos | Gleditsia triacanthos L. | 92 | 66 | 21 | 5 | 7 | 191 | |||||
Hibiscus syriacus | Hibiscus syriacus L. | 4 | 4 | |||||||||
Koelreuteria paniculata | Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. | 39 | 46 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 99 | |||||
Juglans nigra | Juglans nigra L. | 100 | 65 | 14 | 17 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 201 | ||
Juniperus comune | Juniperus communis L. | 274 | 2 | 276 | ||||||||
Juniperus virginica | Juniperus virginiana L. | 17 | 84 | 86 | 27 | 20 | 10 | 1 | 245 | |||
Larix europeum | Larix europaea DC. | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Ligustrum vulgare | Ligustrum vulgare L. | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Maclura triscupitata | Maclura tricuspidata Carrière | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Malus communis | Malus communis DC. | 9 | 2 | 11 | ||||||||
Mespilus germanica | Mespilus germanica L. | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
Morus nigra | Morus nigra L. | 9 | 8 | 15 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50 |
Persica vulgaris | Persica vulgaris Miller | 18 | 18 | |||||||||
Philadelphia coronaria | Philadelphus coronarius L. | 5 | 5 | |||||||||
Pinus americana | Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière | 5 | 20 | 6 | 31 | |||||||
Pinus austriaca nigra | Pinus nigra var. austriac (Höss) Badoux | 5 | 23 | 26 | 32 | 41 | 17 | 9 | 7 | 2 | 162 | |
Pinus australis | Pinus palustris Mill. | 3 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 31 | |||
Pinus eccelsa | Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Pinus nordmanniana | Abies nordmanniana (Steven) Spach | 2 | 2 | |||||||||
Pinus picea | Abies alba Mill. | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Pinus sylvestris | Pinus sylvestris L. | 1 | 1 | 9 | 11 | 4 | 26 | |||||
Pinus strobus | Pinus strobus L. | 6 | 28 | 69 | 63 | 39 | 13 | 13 | 3 | 234 | ||
Pinus taxifoglia | Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
Pyrus communis | Pyrus communis L. | 9 | 2 | 1 | 12 | |||||||
Platanus occidentalis | Platanus occidentalis L. | 7 | 8 | 3 | 18 | |||||||
Platanus orientalis | Platanus orientalis L. | 1 | 6 | 7 | ||||||||
Populus alba | Populus alba L. | 9 | 12 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 30 | ||||
Populus carolina | Populus deltoids Marsh | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
Populus pina | Populus tremula L | 2 | 29 | 35 | 23 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 105 | |
Populus tremula | Populus tremula L. | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Prunus cerasus sylvestris | Prunus cerasus L. | 52 | 17 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 99 | ||
Prunus padus | Prunus padus L. | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |||||||
Ptelea trifogliata | Ptelea trifoliata L. | 40 | 1 | 41 | ||||||||
Quercus rubra | Quercus rubra L. | 264 | 214 | 82 | 64 | 32 | 18 | 17 | 12 | 7 | 7 | 717 |
Robinia pseudoacacia | Robinia pseudoacacia L. | 149 | 246 | 107 | 34 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 554 | ||
Robinia viscosa | Robinia viscosa Vent. | 2 | 2 | 4 | ||||||||
Salix babilonica | Salix babylonica L. | 1 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 14 | |||
Salix virgatum | Salix amygdaloides Andersson | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Sambucus nigra | Sambucus nigra L. | 2 | 2 | |||||||||
Syringa alba | Syringa vulgaris L. | 28 | 28 | |||||||||
Sophora japonica | Sophora japonica L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |||||
Sorbus aucuparia | Sorbus aucuparia L. | 5 | 32 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 46 | |||||
Taxus baccata | Taxus baccata L. | 6 | 6 | 12 | ||||||||
Tilia europea | Tilia europaea L. | 67 | 179 | 122 | 43 | 33 | 26 | 32 | 33 | 14 | 34 | 583 |
Tilia platiphilla | Tilia platyphyllos Scop. | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Thuia orientalis | Thuja orientalis L. | 19 | 82 | 72 | 8 | 1 | 182 | |||||
Thuia occidentalis | Thuja occidentalis L. | 75 | 55 | 82 | 10 | 1 | 223 | |||||
Ulmus comune | Ulmus minor Mill. | 861 | 372 | 138 | 75 | 63 | 31 | 32 | 35 | 33 | 113 | 1760 |
Ulmus montano | Ulmus glabra Hudson. | 473 | 259 | 55 | 63 | 19 | 25 | 4 | 1 | 899 | ||
Viburnum tino | Viburnum tinus L. | 2 | 2 | |||||||||
Vitis vinifera | Vitis vinifera L. | 266 | 266 | |||||||||
TOTAL | 5933 | 2983 | 1207 | 635 | 417 | 233 | 143 | 119 | 82 | 196 | 11,910 |
Botanical Name | Specific Interest | Historical Importance | Invasive Species | Critical Issue | Specimens Identified (n) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tilia cordata Miller | X | 9 | |||
Celtis australis L. | Botanical | 8 | |||
Quercus robus L. | Forestry | 7 | |||
Ulmus minor Miller | Botanical | X | 7 | ||
Aesculus hippocastanum L. | Compositional | X | X | 5 | |
Acer platanoides L. | Forestry | X | 4 | ||
Acer pseudoplatanus L. | Forestry | X | X | 4 | |
Acer campestre L. | Forestry | X | 3 | ||
Gleditsia triacanthos L. | X | 4 | |||
Piunus pinaster Aiton | Compositional | X | 3 | ||
Fraxinus excelsior L. | Compositional | X | 2 | ||
Quercus petraea (Mattuscka) Liebl. | Forestry | 2 | |||
Taxus baccata L. | X | 2 | |||
Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle | X | X | X | 1 | |
Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. | X | X | 1 | ||
Carpinus betulus L. | Compositional | X | 1 | ||
Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carriére | Botanical and compositional | X | 1 | ||
Colutea arborescens L. | X | X | 1 | ||
Eleagnus spp. | X | 1 | |||
Platanus hybrida Brot. | Botanical and compositional | X | 1 |
Botanical Name | Measures/Actions |
---|---|
Acer campestre L. | Protecting and safeguarding |
Acer platanoides L. | Protecting and safeguarding |
Acer pseudoplatanus L. | Protecting and safeguarding |
Aesculus hippocastanum L. | Protecting and safeguarding. Controlling phytosanitary problem |
Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle | Containing—Black List—Management List |
Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. | Containing—Black List—Management List |
Carpinus betulus L. | Protecting and safeguarding |
Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carrière | Protecting and safeguarding |
Celtis australis L. | Protecting and safeguarding. Stability control of some specimens |
Colutea arborescens L. | Protecting and safeguarding. Controlling in some areas their development |
Elaeagnus spp. | Containing—Black List - Management List |
Fraxinus excelsior L. | Protecting and safeguarding |
Gleditsia triacanthos L. | Containing. Presence of thorns on the stem which may present problems in the future for the future use of the area |
Pinus pinaster Aiton. | Protecting and safeguarding |
Platanus hybrida Brot. | Protecting and safeguarding |
Quercus petraea (Mattuscka) Liebl. | Protecting and safeguarding |
Quercus robur L. | Protecting and safeguarding |
Taxus baccata L. | Protecting and safeguarding |
Tilia spp. | Protecting and safeguarding |
Ulmus minor Miller | Protecting and safeguarding Stability controlling of some specimens |
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Gullino, P.; Pomatto, E.; Gaino, W.; Devecchi, M.; Larcher, F. New Challenges for Historic Gardens’ Restoration: A Holistic Approach for the Royal Park of Moncalieri Castle (Turin Metropolitan Area, Italy). Sustainability 2020, 12, 10067. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310067
Gullino P, Pomatto E, Gaino W, Devecchi M, Larcher F. New Challenges for Historic Gardens’ Restoration: A Holistic Approach for the Royal Park of Moncalieri Castle (Turin Metropolitan Area, Italy). Sustainability. 2020; 12(23):10067. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310067
Chicago/Turabian StyleGullino, Paola, Enrico Pomatto, Walter Gaino, Marco Devecchi, and Federica Larcher. 2020. "New Challenges for Historic Gardens’ Restoration: A Holistic Approach for the Royal Park of Moncalieri Castle (Turin Metropolitan Area, Italy)" Sustainability 12, no. 23: 10067. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310067
APA StyleGullino, P., Pomatto, E., Gaino, W., Devecchi, M., & Larcher, F. (2020). New Challenges for Historic Gardens’ Restoration: A Holistic Approach for the Royal Park of Moncalieri Castle (Turin Metropolitan Area, Italy). Sustainability, 12(23), 10067. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310067