Comprehensive Analysis of Nitrogen Deposition in Urban Ecosystem: A Case Study of Xiamen City, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Comprehensive Assessment Model for the Ecological Risk of Nitrogen Deposition
3. Study Case and Data Use
4. Assessment—Ecological Risk Analysis
4.1. Stress Sub-Module
4.2. Receptor Sub-Module
4.3. Effect Sub-Module
4.3.1. Empirical Exposure-Response Model
4.3.2. The Impact of Nitrogen Deposition on Several Indices
4.4. Exposure Sub-Module
5. Results Analysis—DPSR Framework Model
5.1. Analysis of Pressure
5.2. Analysis of State
5.2.1. Risk Grade Analysis for Different Types of Ecosystem in Xiamen City
5.2.2. Analysis of the Risk Status of Different Administrative Regions in Xiamen City
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.046 | 0.039 | 0.046 | 0.048 | 0.046 | 0.044 | 0.037 | 0.031 | 0.031 |
Administrative Division | Farm | Forest | Freshwater | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 16.0 | 30.3 | 6.9 | 46.9 |
Island | 2.1 | 15.8 | 6.9 | 75.2 |
Jimei | 10.3 | 25.0 | 10.7 | 54.1 |
Haicang | 7.4 | 26.4 | 5.0 | 61.2 |
Tong’an | 15.3 | 40.2 | 7.9 | 36.7 |
Xiang’an | 31.8 | 23.1 | 2.9 | 42.1 |
Ecosystem | Index (i) | Index Attribute | Quantitative Relationship (x = the Annual Accumulation of Nitrogen Deposition (g/m2); y = the Response of Nitrogen Deposition) | Response Threshold (RT) | Species in the Study | Data Sources | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forest | A | − | y = −0.001x2 + 0.006x + 0.73 (R² = 0.996) | 0.736 | Mixed forest containing Masson pine | Mo et al. [63] | |
B or C | − | y = −0.001x2 + 0.007x + 0.73 (R² = 0.994) | 0.741 | ||||
D | + | y= −7.36 × 10−4 × x2 + 0.02x + 0.412 (R2 = 0.517) | 0.595 | Cryptocarya concinna | Li et al. [64] Fang et al. [65] | ||
E | + | y = −0.0017x2 + 0.043x + 0.316 (R2 = 0.992) | 0.595 | ||||
F | + | y = −0.0029x2 + 0.0043x −0.003 (R2 = 0.968) | 0.154 | ||||
G | + | y = −0.0022x2 + 0.061x + 0.786 (R2 = 0.786) | 1.215 | Cryptocarya chinensis | |||
H | + | y = −0.00217x2 + 0.057x + 0.634 (R2 = 0.625) | 1.014 | ||||
I | + | y = −9.102 × 10−4x2 + 0.0039x − 0.0316 (R2 = 0.895) | −0.027 | ||||
J | + | y = −0.016x2 + 0.234x − 0.052 (R2 = 0.770) | 0.797 | ||||
Farm | K | + | y = −0.0002x2 + 0.0075x + 0.0025 (R² = 0.994) | 0.073 | Rice | Liao et al. [5] | |
L | + | y = −0.0002x2 + 0.0106x − 0.0079 (R² = 0.921) | 0.133 | ||||
M | + | y = −0.0023x2 + 0.1171x − 0.011 (R² = 0.992) | 1.480 | Lu et al. [66] | |||
N | - | y = −0.053x2 + 0.387x − 0.017 (R2 = 0.934) | 0.682 | Weeds | Yang et al. [67] | ||
O | − | y = −0.014x2 + 0.17x + 0.06 (R2 = 0.696) | 0.584 | Rong et al. [68] | |||
P | + | y = −0.004x2 + 0.057x − 0.016 (R2 = 0.670) | 0.184 | Soil animal | |||
Q | − | y = −0.005x2 + 0.076x − 0.007 (R2 = 0.956) | 0.294 | ||||
Aquatic | Marine | R | ● | y = −1.31 + 102.78x (R2 = 0.812) | 39.800 ** | Phytoplankton | Chen et al. [69] |
S | ● | y = 6.67 + 138.64x (R2 = 0.540) | 62.100 ** | ||||
T | ● | y = 0.12 + 0.41x (R2 = 0.640) | 0.300 ** | ||||
Fresh-water | U | ● | y = −1.6886x + 22.367 (r = 0.025, sig = 0.738) | 22.000 * | Algae | Chen et al. [70] |
Risk Value (RV) | Risk Level |
---|---|
≤0.2 | Low risk |
0.2–0.5 | Moderate risk |
≥0.5 | High risk |
Ecosystem | Risk Level | Mechanism of Ecological Risk | |
---|---|---|---|
Forest | High risk | Impact of nitrogen deposition on litter decomposition and seedling survival rate | |
Farmland | Low risk | Impact of nitrogen deposition on weeds | |
Water body | Freshwater | High risk | Impact of nitrogen deposition on the chlorophyll a level due to eutrophication |
Seawater | Moderate risk |
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Shi, L.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, B.; Sun, H.; Xu, T. Comprehensive Analysis of Nitrogen Deposition in Urban Ecosystem: A Case Study of Xiamen City, China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4673. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124673
Shi L, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Yang B, Sun H, Xu T. Comprehensive Analysis of Nitrogen Deposition in Urban Ecosystem: A Case Study of Xiamen City, China. Sustainability. 2018; 10(12):4673. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124673
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Longyu, Miao Zhang, Yajing Zhang, Bin Yang, Huaping Sun, and Tong Xu. 2018. "Comprehensive Analysis of Nitrogen Deposition in Urban Ecosystem: A Case Study of Xiamen City, China" Sustainability 10, no. 12: 4673. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124673