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Microbiology Research
Volume 17
Issue 1
10.3390/microbiolres17010008
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Article

Bacterial Resistance in the ICU: A Comparative Analysis of Pre-Pandemic and Pandemic Periods and the Impact on Clinical Outcomes

by
Geane Andriollo Paradynski
,
Ronaldo dos Santos Machado
,
Lucas Machado Sulzbacher
,
Maicon Machado Sulzbacher
,
Vítor Antunes de Oliveira
,
Pauline Brendler Goettems Fiorin
,
Mirna Stela Ludwig
,
Thiago Gomes Heck
and
Matias Nunes Frizzo
*
Graduate Program in Integral Health Care (PPGAIS-UNIJUÍ), Regional University of the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUÍ), Ijuí 98700-000, RS, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microbiol. Res. 2026, 17(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17010008
Submission received: 30 October 2025 / Revised: 17 December 2025 / Accepted: 22 December 2025 / Published: 30 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Topic Multidrug Resistance Across Pathogens: Fungi, Bacteria, Parasites, and Viruses)
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Abstract

Inappropriate use of antibiotics can stimulate antimicrobial resistance, since bacteria are capable of circumventing pharmacological action through various resistance mechanisms. Recently, during the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an increase in the use of antimicrobials. This is an analytical, quantitative, and retrospective study on bacterial resistance and mortality in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients from 2017 to 2022. This study analyzed sociodemographic aspects, clinical, and laboratory parameters in patients admitted to the ICU. A total of 221 medical records of patients with multidrug-resistant bacteria in the ICU were included, with an outcome of 95 discharges (42.98%) and 126 deaths (53.01%). An increase in the prevalence of bacterial resistance in the ICU was identified during the Pandemic period, when compared to the Pre-Pandemic period. It was identified that the increase in bacterial resistance of some pathogens was associated with death. It was also observed that age was a factor for an increased risk of mortality in the ICU, no matter the sex of the patient. Importance of careful analysis in the use of antimicrobials, as well as in the care of ICU patients and in the surveillance of bacterial infections by health professionals.
Keywords: bacterial infections; COVID-19; antimicrobial resistance; Intensive Care Unit bacterial infections; COVID-19; antimicrobial resistance; Intensive Care Unit

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MDPI and ACS Style

Paradynski, G.A.; Machado, R.d.S.; Sulzbacher, L.M.; Sulzbacher, M.M.; de Oliveira, V.A.; Goettems Fiorin, P.B.; Ludwig, M.S.; Heck, T.G.; Frizzo, M.N. Bacterial Resistance in the ICU: A Comparative Analysis of Pre-Pandemic and Pandemic Periods and the Impact on Clinical Outcomes. Microbiol. Res. 2026, 17, 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17010008

AMA Style

Paradynski GA, Machado RdS, Sulzbacher LM, Sulzbacher MM, de Oliveira VA, Goettems Fiorin PB, Ludwig MS, Heck TG, Frizzo MN. Bacterial Resistance in the ICU: A Comparative Analysis of Pre-Pandemic and Pandemic Periods and the Impact on Clinical Outcomes. Microbiology Research. 2026; 17(1):8. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17010008

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paradynski, Geane Andriollo, Ronaldo dos Santos Machado, Lucas Machado Sulzbacher, Maicon Machado Sulzbacher, Vítor Antunes de Oliveira, Pauline Brendler Goettems Fiorin, Mirna Stela Ludwig, Thiago Gomes Heck, and Matias Nunes Frizzo. 2026. "Bacterial Resistance in the ICU: A Comparative Analysis of Pre-Pandemic and Pandemic Periods and the Impact on Clinical Outcomes" Microbiology Research 17, no. 1: 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17010008

APA Style

Paradynski, G. A., Machado, R. d. S., Sulzbacher, L. M., Sulzbacher, M. M., de Oliveira, V. A., Goettems Fiorin, P. B., Ludwig, M. S., Heck, T. G., & Frizzo, M. N. (2026). Bacterial Resistance in the ICU: A Comparative Analysis of Pre-Pandemic and Pandemic Periods and the Impact on Clinical Outcomes. Microbiology Research, 17(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17010008

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